Carreira e salário de um professor universitário: regulamento da política de pessoal na Rússia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16267Palavras-chave:
Ensino superior, Atividade de ensino, Relações de trabalho, Incentivos de trabalho para professores, Política de PessoalResumo
O presente artigo explora os problemas da política de pessoal do sistema de ensino superior no que diz respeito ao papel incentivador da remuneração e das oportunidades de desenvolvimento de carreira. Atualmente, devido a várias mudanças socioeconômicas importantes, está ocorrendo uma transformação das relações de trabalho no sistema de ensino superior. Como resultado, são necessárias novas abordagens tanto para a gestão de instituições educacionais quanto para a seleção de professores universitários e a remuneração e desenvolvimento de carreira de professores. O objetivo do estudo é analisar as tendências modernas individuais no desenvolvimento de métodos de incentivo no ensino superior como uma característica da política de pessoal. O artigo demonstra que, como consequência das transformações econômicas, estão ocorrendo na gestão universitária mudanças que exigem o aumento da qualidade dos graduados, o que inevitavelmente influencia na ampliação das exigências profissionais para o corpo docente. Estabelece-se que nas condições modernas, o controle externo é substituído pelo interno, as liberdades acadêmicas são deslocadas pela administração e os padrões acadêmicos são modificados e substituídos por regras formais. Este processo é acompanhado por mudanças consideráveis na política de pessoal da universidade e nas relações entre a administração e os professores. Vários exemplos de organizações de políticas de recursos humanos adotadas em diferentes países são estudados. São investigadas as características dos contratos de trabalho com professores, as condições de seu trabalho e as oportunidades de carreira. É dada atenção especial a várias abordagens para estimular a atividade de ensino. São identificadas as deficiências que não permitem alcançar uma educação superior de maior qualidade na Rússia. São apresentadas propostas de aprimoramento da política de pessoal no ensino superior, visando à melhoria de sua qualidade.
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Referências
Abdulkadyrov, U. U., Pak, O. A., & Makushkin, S. A. (2021). Regulation of professional and labor relations of university teachers: international practice and national characteristics. Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação, 14(33), e15129. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.15129
Alaverdov, A. R. (2015). Evoliutsiiaa strategicheskikh podlhodov k motivatsii nauchno-pedagogicheskikh rabotnikov [The evolution of strategic approaches to motivating research and teaching staff]. Higher education in Russia, 5, 45-53.
All-Russian Trade Union of Education. (August 22, 2016). K voprosu ob urovne oplaty truda rabotnikov v sfere vysshego, srednego professionalnogo obrazovaniia, nauki [On the issue of the level of remuneration of workers in the field of higher and secondary vocational education and science]. Available: https://www.eseur.ru›K_voprosu_ob_urovne_oplati_tru29112.doc
Blašková, M., & Trskova, K. (2017). Creative leadership and motivation of university employees. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(4), 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v3i4.1510
Bode, C., Becker, W., Habbich, C., & Klofat, R. (2015). Universities in Germany. London: Prestel.
Bukhteeva, E. E., Zimovina, O. A., Shishov, S. E., Rabadanova, R. S., & Polozhentseva, I. V. (2019). Practical and theoretical grounds of a student's autonomous learning activities in professional education. Amazonia Investiga, 8(20), 575-581.
Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz sowie des Bundesamts für Justiz. (2007). Gesetz über befristete Arbeitsverträge in der Wissenschaft vom April 12, 2007. Available: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/wisszeitvg/BJNR050610007.html
Chairunnisa, C., & Kosasih, A. (2019). The influence of academic culture and task commitment toward lecturers’innovativeness. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 12(5), 1850–1854. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.512.1850.1854
Deem, R. (2004). “Novyi menedzherializm” i vysshee obrazovanie: upravlenie kachestvom i produktivnostiu raboty v universitetalh Velikobritanii [“New Managerialism” and Higher Education: the management of performances and cultures in universities in the United Kingdom]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 3, 44-56.
Dzonstoun, D. B. (2003). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniia v SSHA: struktura, rukovodstvo, finansirovanie [The USA higher education system: structure, management, funding]. University Management: Practice and Analysis, 5-6(28), 92-102.
Ergasheva, F. B. (2019). Voprosy valentnosti v sovremennom nemetskom iazyke [Questions of valence in the modern German language]. Voprosy pedagogiki, 11-2, 276-281.
Gibadulina, A. S., & Kamneva, E. V. (2020). Materialnoe stimulirovanie prepodavatelei vuzov: zarubezhnaia praktika [Financial incentives for university teachers: foreign practice]. Economics: yesterday, today and tomorrow, 10(2А), 249-255.
Gill, R. (2009). Breaking the silence: The hidden injuries of neo-liberal academia. In: Flood, R., Gill, R. (Eds.). Secrecy and silence in the research process: Feminist reflections. London: Routledge.
Gladkikh, B. A. (2005). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniya v SSHA: osobennosti organizatsii i upravleniia [The system of higher education in the United States: features of organization and management]. Economics of education, 6, 68-89.
Glazev, S. (June 22, 2016). Glavnye otrasli–draivery novogo sprosa — zdravookhranenie, obrazovanie i nauka [The main industries that drive new demand – healthcare, education and science]. BusinessLife.today. Available: http://businesslife.today/opinions/sergej–glazev/
Goncharov, V. V., Sekerin, V. D., & Akhyadov, E. S. - M. (2020). Digital academic entrepreneurship: new opportunities for students in the development of the information environment. Revista Inclusiones, 7(Especial), 411-421.
Government of the Russian Federation. (2008). Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 5, 2008 No. 583 (as amended on January 19, 2019) “On the introduction of new pay systems for employees of federal budgetary, autonomous and state institutions and federal state bodies, as well as civilian personnel of military units, institutions and subdivisions of federal executive bodies, in which the law provides for military and service equivalent to it, the remuneration of which is carried out on the basis of the Unified tariff scale for remuneration of employees of federal state institutions” (together with the “Regulations on the Establishment of Remuneration Systems for Employees of Federal Budgetary, Autonomous and State Institutions”). Available: http://government.ru/docs/all/64978/
Government of the Russian Federation. (2012). Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 26, 2012, No. 2190-r (as amended on September 14, 2015) “On approval of the Program for the gradual improvement of the remuneration system in state (municipal) institutions for 2012 - 2018”. Sobranie Zakonodatel’stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii [SZ RF] [Collection of Legislation of the RF] 03.12.2012, No. 49, Item 6909.
Grishina, O. A., Saginova, O. V., Skorobogatykh, I. I., Zavyalova, N. B., Musatova, Zh. B., Shtykhno, D. A., & Kovaleva, E. N. (2015). Otsenka effektivnosti prepodavatelia v sovremennom obrazovatelnom uchrezhdenii [Evaluating the effectiveness of a teacher in a modern educational institution]: monograph. Novosibirsk: TsRNS Publishing House, 114 p.
Hasselhorn, M., Baethge, M., Füssel, H. - P., Hetmeier, H. - W., Maaz, K., Rauschenbach, T., Rockmann, U., Seeber, S., Weishaupt, H., & Andrä, W. (2014). Bildung in Deutschland. Ein indikatorengestützter bericht mit einer analyse zur bildung von menschen mit behinderung. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag.
Head, S. (2011). Chto ugrozhaet britanskim universitetam? [The grim threat to British universities]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 2, 282-295.
Khudaimuratova, K. (2020). Vidy, formy obrazovaniia i trudovye otnosheniia prepodavatelei v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniia Federativnoi Respubliki Germaniia [Types, forms of education and labor relations of teachers in the higher education system of the Federal Republic of Germany]. Aktualnye nauchnye issledovaniia v sovremennom mire, 6-7(62), 149-153.
Kim, I. N., & Lisienko, S. V. (2012). Formirovanie bazovykh sostavliaiushchikh professionalnoi kompetentnosti prepodavatelia v ramkah FGOS [Formation of the basic components of a teacher’s professional competence within the framework of the Federal State Educational Standard]. Higher education in Russia, 1, 16–24.
Kleri, S. B. (2008). Zarabotnaia plata prepodavatelei vuzov SSHA v 2006-2007 uchebnom godu [Salaries of USA university professors in the 2006-2007 academic year]. Economics of education, 5, 100-103.
Kolin, K. K. (2002). Informatsionnaia globalizatsiia obshchestva i gumanitarnaia revoliutsiia. [The information globalization of society and the humanitarian revolution]. In: Egorov, V. K. (Ed.). Globalization: A synergy approach. Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, pp. 323-334.
Kurbatova, M. V. (2016). Izmenenie kharaktera otnoshenii mezhdu rukovoditeliami i prepodavateliami vuzov v rezultate vnedreniia novykh instrumentov upravleniia [Changes in the nature of relations between the leaders and teachers of universities as a result of the introduction of new management instruments]. In: Theory and practice of using contractual regulation of social, labor and educational relations in institutions of higher and vocational education: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, Russia, December 11-12, 2015, pp. 5-15.
Kurbatova, M. V., & Levin, S. N. (2013). Effektivnyi kontrakt v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniya RF: teoreticheskie podkhody i osobennosti institutsional'ogo proektirovaniia [An effective contract in the higher education system of the Russian Federation: theoretical approaches and features of institutional design]. Journal of institutional studies, 5(1), 55-80.
Lazareva, G. Iu. (2020). Formirovanie i razvitie sistemy sotsialno-trudovykh otnoshenii v usloviiakh transformatsii rossiiskoi sistemy vysshego obrazovaniia na osnove balansa interesov [Formation and development of the system of social and labor relations in the context of the transformation of the Russian system of higher education based on the balance of interests]. Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute). Series: Socio-Economic Sciences, 13(4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.17213/2075-2067-2020-4-53-61
Maiburov, I. (2003). Vysshee obrazovanie v razvitykh stranakh [Higher education in developed countries]. Higher education in Russia, 2, 132-144.
Nazarova, I. B. (2014). Kontrakt universiteta s prepodavatelem: prava i obiazannosti [The contract between a university and a teacher: rights and obligations]. Educational technologies, 3, 69–77.
Orlova, N. N., & Parshikov, N. A. (2017). Nauchno-pedagogicheskie rabotniki kak osnova effektivnosti natsionalnoi obrazovatelnoi sistemy [Scientific and pedagogical workers as the basis for the effectiveness of the national educational system]. Social-Economic Phenomena and Processes, 12(6), 235–242.
Pouyioutas, P. (2017). Key performance indicators for the teaching in Higher Education Quality Model (THEQM). In: 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain, July 7-9, 2014, pp. 4629-4640.
President of the Russian Federation. (2012a). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 597 “On measures for the implementation of state social policy”. Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35261
President of the Russian Federation. (2012b). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 599 “On measures to implement state policy in the field of education and science.” Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35263
Rimskaia, O. N. (2006). Motivatsiia prepodavatelei vuzov v sisteme menedzhmenta kachestva obrazovaniia [Motivation of university teachers in the education quality management system]: monograph. Tomsk: Tipografiya “Grafika”.
Sekerin, V. D., Gorokhova, A. E., Dudin, M. N., Danko, T. P., & Nikolaykin, N. I. (2018). Applying interactive marketing methods to improve the quality of university educational services authors. Quality-Access to Success, 19(163), 37-42.
Sokolov, M., Guba, K., Zimenkova, T., Safonova, M., & Chuikina, S. (2015). Kak stanoviatsia professorami: akademicheskie karery, rynki i vlast v piati stranakh [How to become a professor: academic careers, markets, and power in five countries]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 832 p.
Tambovtsev, V. L. (2006). Konechnye rezultaty otrasli obrazovaniia i problemy ikh izmereniia [Final outcomes of education and the problems of their measurement]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 1, 5-24.
Tereshchenko, E. A., Kovalev, V. V., Trofimov, M. S., & Zasseev, D. A. (2020). Legal consciousness as a factor promoting the achievement of educational objectives and the realization of the right to education by individuals and collectives. Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação, 13(32), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.14690
TRUD.com. (n.d.). Salary statistics “University teacher in Russia”. Available: https://russia.trud.com/salary/692/4130.html 30 406 ₽
Umurakova, G. H., & Iantilina, N. T. (2018). Zarubezhnyi opyt oplaty truda v sfere obrazovaniia [Foreign experience of remuneration in the field of education]. In: Economics and Humanitarian Research: Problems, Trends, Achievements: Collection of materials of the 3rd International Scientific and Practical Conference,
Novosibirsk, Russia, March 16-17, 2018, pp. 116-120.
Zhandarova, I. (November 9, 2017). MVF nazval glavnye draivery rosta ekonomiki Rossii [The IMF named the main drivers of growth in the Russian economy]. Rossiiskaia Gazeta. Available: https://rg.ru/2017/11/09/mvf-nazval-glavnye-drajvery-rosta-ekonomiki-rossii.html
Alaverdov, A. R. (2015). Evoliutsiiaa strategicheskikh podlhodov k motivatsii nauchno-pedagogicheskikh rabotnikov [The evolution of strategic approaches to motivating research and teaching staff]. Higher education in Russia, 5, 45-53.
All-Russian Trade Union of Education. (August 22, 2016). K voprosu ob urovne oplaty truda rabotnikov v sfere vysshego, srednego professionalnogo obrazovaniia, nauki [On the issue of the level of remuneration of workers in the field of higher and secondary vocational education and science]. Available: https://www.eseur.ru›K_voprosu_ob_urovne_oplati_tru29112.doc
Blašková, M., & Trskova, K. (2017). Creative leadership and motivation of university employees. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(4), 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v3i4.1510
Bode, C., Becker, W., Habbich, C., & Klofat, R. (2015). Universities in Germany. London: Prestel.
Bukhteeva, E. E., Zimovina, O. A., Shishov, S. E., Rabadanova, R. S., & Polozhentseva, I. V. (2019). Practical and theoretical grounds of a student's autonomous learning activities in professional education. Amazonia Investiga, 8(20), 575-581.
Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz sowie des Bundesamts für Justiz. (2007). Gesetz über befristete Arbeitsverträge in der Wissenschaft vom April 12, 2007. Available: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/wisszeitvg/BJNR050610007.html
Chairunnisa, C., & Kosasih, A. (2019). The influence of academic culture and task commitment toward lecturers’innovativeness. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 12(5), 1850–1854. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.512.1850.1854
Deem, R. (2004). “Novyi menedzherializm” i vysshee obrazovanie: upravlenie kachestvom i produktivnostiu raboty v universitetalh Velikobritanii [“New Managerialism” and Higher Education: the management of performances and cultures in universities in the United Kingdom]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 3, 44-56.
Dzonstoun, D. B. (2003). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniia v SSHA: struktura, rukovodstvo, finansirovanie [The USA higher education system: structure, management, funding]. University Management: Practice and Analysis, 5-6(28), 92-102.
Ergasheva, F. B. (2019). Voprosy valentnosti v sovremennom nemetskom iazyke [Questions of valence in the modern German language]. Voprosy pedagogiki, 11-2, 276-281.
Gibadulina, A. S., & Kamneva, E. V. (2020). Materialnoe stimulirovanie prepodavatelei vuzov: zarubezhnaia praktika [Financial incentives for university teachers: foreign practice]. Economics: yesterday, today and tomorrow, 10(2А), 249-255.
Gill, R. (2009). Breaking the silence: The hidden injuries of neo-liberal academia. In: Flood, R., Gill, R. (Eds.). Secrecy and silence in the research process: Feminist reflections. London: Routledge.
Gladkikh, B. A. (2005). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniya v SSHA: osobennosti organizatsii i upravleniia [The system of higher education in the United States: features of organization and management]. Economics of education, 6, 68-89.
Glazev, S. (June 22, 2016). Glavnye otrasli–draivery novogo sprosa — zdravookhranenie, obrazovanie i nauka [The main industries that drive new demand – healthcare, education and science]. BusinessLife.today. Available: http://businesslife.today/opinions/sergej–glazev/
Goncharov, V. V., Sekerin, V. D., & Akhyadov, E. S. - M. (2020). Digital academic entrepreneurship: new opportunities for students in the development of the information environment. Revista Inclusiones, 7(Especial), 411-421.
Government of the Russian Federation. (2008). Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 5, 2008 No. 583 (as amended on January 19, 2019) “On the introduction of new pay systems for employees of federal budgetary, autonomous and state institutions and federal state bodies, as well as civilian personnel of military units, institutions and subdivisions of federal executive bodies, in which the law provides for military and service equivalent to it, the remuneration of which is carried out on the basis of the Unified tariff scale for remuneration of employees of federal state institutions” (together with the “Regulations on the Establishment of Remuneration Systems for Employees of Federal Budgetary, Autonomous and State Institutions”). Available: http://government.ru/docs/all/64978/
Government of the Russian Federation. (2012). Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 26, 2012, No. 2190-r (as amended on September 14, 2015) “On approval of the Program for the gradual improvement of the remuneration system in state (municipal) institutions for 2012 - 2018”. Sobranie Zakonodatel’stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii [SZ RF] [Collection of Legislation of the RF] 03.12.2012, No. 49, Item 6909.
Grishina, O. A., Saginova, O. V., Skorobogatykh, I. I., Zavyalova, N. B., Musatova, Zh. B., Shtykhno, D. A., & Kovaleva, E. N. (2015). Otsenka effektivnosti prepodavatelia v sovremennom obrazovatelnom uchrezhdenii [Evaluating the effectiveness of a teacher in a modern educational institution]: monograph. Novosibirsk: TsRNS Publishing House, 114 p.
Hasselhorn, M., Baethge, M., Füssel, H. - P., Hetmeier, H. - W., Maaz, K., Rauschenbach, T., Rockmann, U., Seeber, S., Weishaupt, H., & Andrä, W. (2014). Bildung in Deutschland. Ein indikatorengestützter bericht mit einer analyse zur bildung von menschen mit behinderung. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag.
Head, S. (2011). Chto ugrozhaet britanskim universitetam? [The grim threat to British universities]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 2, 282-295.
Khudaimuratova, K. (2020). Vidy, formy obrazovaniia i trudovye otnosheniia prepodavatelei v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniia Federativnoi Respubliki Germaniia [Types, forms of education and labor relations of teachers in the higher education system of the Federal Republic of Germany]. Aktualnye nauchnye issledovaniia v sovremennom mire, 6-7(62), 149-153.
Kim, I. N., & Lisienko, S. V. (2012). Formirovanie bazovykh sostavliaiushchikh professionalnoi kompetentnosti prepodavatelia v ramkah FGOS [Formation of the basic components of a teacher’s professional competence within the framework of the Federal State Educational Standard]. Higher education in Russia, 1, 16–24.
Kleri, S. B. (2008). Zarabotnaia plata prepodavatelei vuzov SSHA v 2006-2007 uchebnom godu [Salaries of USA university professors in the 2006-2007 academic year]. Economics of education, 5, 100-103.
Kolin, K. K. (2002). Informatsionnaia globalizatsiia obshchestva i gumanitarnaia revoliutsiia. [The information globalization of society and the humanitarian revolution]. In: Egorov, V. K. (Ed.). Globalization: A synergy approach. Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, pp. 323-334.
Kurbatova, M. V. (2016). Izmenenie kharaktera otnoshenii mezhdu rukovoditeliami i prepodavateliami vuzov v rezultate vnedreniia novykh instrumentov upravleniia [Changes in the nature of relations between the leaders and teachers of universities as a result of the introduction of new management instruments]. In: Theory and practice of using contractual regulation of social, labor and educational relations in institutions of higher and vocational education: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, Russia, December 11-12, 2015, pp. 5-15.
Kurbatova, M. V., & Levin, S. N. (2013). Effektivnyi kontrakt v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniya RF: teoreticheskie podkhody i osobennosti institutsional'ogo proektirovaniia [An effective contract in the higher education system of the Russian Federation: theoretical approaches and features of institutional design]. Journal of institutional studies, 5(1), 55-80.
Lazareva, G. Iu. (2020). Formirovanie i razvitie sistemy sotsialno-trudovykh otnoshenii v usloviiakh transformatsii rossiiskoi sistemy vysshego obrazovaniia na osnove balansa interesov [Formation and development of the system of social and labor relations in the context of the transformation of the Russian system of higher education based on the balance of interests]. Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute). Series: Socio-Economic Sciences, 13(4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.17213/2075-2067-2020-4-53-61
Maiburov, I. (2003). Vysshee obrazovanie v razvitykh stranakh [Higher education in developed countries]. Higher education in Russia, 2, 132-144.
Nazarova, I. B. (2014). Kontrakt universiteta s prepodavatelem: prava i obiazannosti [The contract between a university and a teacher: rights and obligations]. Educational technologies, 3, 69–77.
Orlova, N. N., & Parshikov, N. A. (2017). Nauchno-pedagogicheskie rabotniki kak osnova effektivnosti natsionalnoi obrazovatelnoi sistemy [Scientific and pedagogical workers as the basis for the effectiveness of the national educational system]. Social-Economic Phenomena and Processes, 12(6), 235–242.
Pouyioutas, P. (2017). Key performance indicators for the teaching in Higher Education Quality Model (THEQM). In: 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain, July 7-9, 2014, pp. 4629-4640.
President of the Russian Federation. (2012a). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 597 “On measures for the implementation of state social policy”. Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35261
President of the Russian Federation. (2012b). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 599 “On measures to implement state policy in the field of education and science.” Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35263
Rimskaia, O. N. (2006). Motivatsiia prepodavatelei vuzov v sisteme menedzhmenta kachestva obrazovaniia [Motivation of university teachers in the education quality management system]: monograph. Tomsk: Tipografiya “Grafika”.
Sekerin, V. D., Gorokhova, A. E., Dudin, M. N., Danko, T. P., & Nikolaykin, N. I. (2018). Applying interactive marketing methods to improve the quality of university educational services authors. Quality-Access to Success, 19(163), 37-42.
Sokolov, M., Guba, K., Zimenkova, T., Safonova, M., & Chuikina, S. (2015). Kak stanoviatsia professorami: akademicheskie karery, rynki i vlast v piati stranakh [How to become a professor: academic careers, markets, and power in five countries]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 832 p.
Tambovtsev, V. L. (2006). Konechnye rezultaty otrasli obrazovaniia i problemy ikh izmereniia [Final outcomes of education and the problems of their measurement]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 1, 5-24.
Tereshchenko, E. A., Kovalev, V. V., Trofimov, M. S., & Zasseev, D. A. (2020). Legal consciousness as a factor promoting the achievement of educational objectives and the realization of the right to education by individuals and collectives. Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação, 13(32), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.14690
TRUD.com. (n.d.). Salary statistics “University teacher in Russia”. Available: https://russia.trud.com/salary/692/4130.html 30 406 ₽
Umurakova, G. H., & Iantilina, N. T. (2018). Zarubezhnyi opyt oplaty truda v sfere obrazovaniia [Foreign experience of remuneration in the field of education]. In: Economics and Humanitarian Research: Problems, Trends, Achievements: Collection of materials of the 3rd International Scientific and Practical Conference,
Novosibirsk, Russia, March 16-17, 2018, pp. 116-120.
Zhandarova, I. (November 9, 2017). MVF nazval glavnye draivery rosta ekonomiki Rossii [The IMF named the main drivers of growth in the Russian economy]. Rossiiskaia Gazeta. Available: https://rg.ru/2017/11/09/mvf-nazval-glavnye-drajvery-rosta-ekonomiki-rossii.html
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2021-08-24
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Kuznetsova, E. I., Dianov, D. V., Ovezova, U. A., Suslov, A. V., & Markova, T. S. (2021). Carreira e salário de um professor universitário: regulamento da política de pessoal na Rússia. Revista Tempos E Espaços Em Educação, 14(33), e16267. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16267
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