RevistaTOMO,SãoCristóvão,v.44,e23684,2025DOI:10.21669/tomo.v44.23684SpecialIssue-CoastalSqueeze:BeachesunderSocio-EconomicandEcologicalPressureE-ISSN:2318-9010/ISSN:1517-4549SpecialIssueSociotechnicalcoastalsqueeze:technology,tourism,andgovernanceonCopacabana’swaterfrontLeticiaParenteRibeiro*1MarcosPauloFerreiraGóis**2AbstractThisarticleexpandsthenotionofcoastalsqueezebeyonditstraditionalphysical-ecologicaldefinitionbyproposingtheconceptofsociotechnicalcoastalsqueeze.BasedonthecaseofCopacabana’swaterfront(RiodeJaneiro,Brazil),wearguethattheTechnical-Scientific-InformationalMilieu(MTCI)intensifiesthecom-pressionofpublicspace.Methodologically,theanalysisarticulatesthehistoryofspatialfixeswiththeinter-pretationofcontemporaryspatialarrangements(longitudinal,transversal,vertical).Resultsdemonstratethat,beyondphysicalinfrastructure,aninformationalsqueeze—ameshofdigitalplatforms,surveillancesystems,andpublic-privatepartnerships—governsbeachuses,drivingcommodificationandplatformiza-tion.TheRéveillonmega-eventisanalyzedasalaboratoryforthistechnifiedgovernance,wherenewcontroltechnologiesaretestedandnormalized.Weconcludethatthissociotechnicaldimension,definedbyinfor-mationalbarriers,isfundamentaltounderstandingcontemporarychallengesonglobalurbanizedcoasts.Keywords:SociotechnicalCoastalSqueeze;UrbanWaterfront;TechnifiedGovernance;SpatialFix;Copaca-bana.*UniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,InstitutodeGeociências,DepartamentodeGeografia.RiodeJaneiro,RiodeJanei-ro,Brasil.E-mail:leticiapr@igeo.ufrj.brOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1185-4517CrediT:Conceptualization;For-malanalysis;Investigation;Methodology;Visualization;Writingoriginaldraft,ReviewandEditing**UniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,InstitutodeGeociências,DepartamentodeGeografia.RiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,Brasil.E-mail:marcosgois@igeo.ufrj.brOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3197-1566CRediT:Conceptualization;For-malanalysis;Investigation;Methodology;Visualization;Writingoriginaldraft;ReviewandEditing1Introduction:RéveillonaslaboratoryandthenewnormaloftheCopacabanaWaterfrontstEveryDecember31,theCopacabanawaterfrontinthecityofRiodeJaneirotransformsintoaglo-balstagefortheNewYear’scelebration.AccordingtoestimatesfromtheMunicipalGovernment,the2025RéveilloneventinCopacabanadrewacrowdexceeding2.6millionpeopleandproduced1anestimatedeconomicimpactofUSD500million.The2025spectacleaddedanaeriallayer(afleetof400to500drones)andanimmersivelayer(a“laserballet”projectedfrom20soundtowers)tothealreadytraditionalstructures.Thesestructu-resconsistofapyrotechniccore(bargesanchoredatsea,fromwhichthefireworksarelaunched)andamusicalperformancecore(largestagesbuiltonthesandstrip).2Duringthe2024-2025transition,thefocalexperiencepromotedbyfireworksandshowswastransformedintoan“ambiance,”envelopingthepublicina360-degreearena.Thepresenceof3formingafloating“VIPgrandstand,”exemplifiesthislogic:thecruiseshipsandprivatevessels,operationnotonlyexpandspubliccapacitybutalsosegmentsit,creatinganexclusivespaceofconsumptionthatreinforcesthebeach’simageasaplatformforhigh-valuetourismexperiences.Thegrowingsophisticationofthespectacleoperatesinsymbiosiswiththecontrolapparatusandsurveillanceinfrastructure.ThenumberofMilitaryPoliceobservationtowersonthewaterfrontjumpedfrom30in2019and2023to61in2024,peakingat78in2025.Evenmoresignificantwasthechangeincontroltechnology.Checkpoints,whichin2019reliedonphysicalpat-downsandmetaldetectors,wereequippedwithfacialrecognitioncamerasstartingin2024.Thisappro-achwasconsolidatedwiththedeploymentofaMobileIntegratedCommandandControlCenterandanadvancedbasefortheRioOperationsCenter(COR-Rio)in2025(AgênciaBrasil,2019and2024).Simultaneously,theevent’sproductionevolvedfromtacticalsponsorshiptostrategicco-produc-tion,formalizedbyamulti-yearcontract(2025-2027)worthoverUSD3millionwiththeSRCOM4Theseac-agencyandbythecreationofacontinuousmarketingplatformcalled“RioRéveillon.”tionsattractedinstitutionalsponsorssuchasPetrobrasandBancodoBrasil,whichbeganfinan-cingtheevent.Byinvestingmassivelyinsecurity,theMunicipalGovernmentseekstoproduceapredictable,low-riskenvironment,whichinturnbecomestheproductcommercializedbytheprivatepartner.ThetransformationsobservedinrecentyearsattheCopacabanaRéveillonpartyweredrasticallyacceleratedbytheCovid-19pandemic.Thehealthcrisisprovidedsocialandpoliticaljustification1234th“RéveillonRio2025:MaisdecincomilhõesdepessoascelebramachegadadoAnoNovonamaiorviradadomundo”.Pre-feituradoRiodeJaneiro,01/01/2025.Availableon:https://prefeitura.rio/cidade/reveillon-rio-2025-mais-de-cinco-mi-lhoes-de-pessoas-celebram-a-chegada-do-ano-novo-na-maior-virada-do-mundo.Accessedon:December8“PrefeituraapresentaplanejamentooperacionalparaoRéveillon2025”.PrefeituradoRiodeJaneiro,26/12/2024.Availab-leon:https://prefeitura.rio/cidade/prefeitura-apresenta-planejamento-operacional-para-o-reveillon-2025.Accessedon:December8“RéveillondeCopacabanareceberáseisnaviosdecruzeiroe300barcos”.AgênciaBrasil,26/12/2024.Availableon:https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2024-12/reveillon-de-copacabana-recebera-seis-navios-de-cruzeiro-e-300-bar-cos.Accessedon:December8“SRCOMapresentaamarcaRioRéveilloncomnovaplataformadecomunicaçãoeativaçõesparapatrocinadores”.DiáriodoRio,18/12/2024.Availableon:https://diariodorio.com/srcom-apresenta-a-marca-rio-reveillon-com-nova-plataforma--de-comunicacao-e-ativacoes-para-patrocinadores.Accessedon:December8,2025.,2025.,2025.,2025.ththth2LeticiaParenteRibeiro;MarcosPauloFerreiraGóisforcontroltechnologies,whichmighthavefacedyearsofpublicdebate,tobeadoptedundertheaegisofsecurity.Thenormalizationofthesesurveillancepracticeslegitimizedanewparadigmofcrowdmanagementthatpersistsanddeepenswitheachneweditionoftheevent.Furthermore,thegovernancemodelobservedatRéveillonnolongerconstitutesanannualexcep-tionbutratheralaboratoryfromwhicha“newnormal”fortheterritorialorderingofCopacabanabeachisbeingconsolidated.Thetechnologies,governancemodels,andpublic-privatepartner-shipstestedduringtheeventareprogressivelydisseminatedintothedailymanagementofthewaterfront.Theconnectionbetweentheexceptionalandthequotidianmaterializes,forexample,inthelinkagebetweenthefacialrecognitioncamerasusedattheyear-endeventandtheperma-nentsurveillancesystemsinstalledinthekiosksalongthecity’ssouthernzonewaterfrontssince5late2024.TheCopacabanaRéveillontranscendsamerecelebration.Itconstitutes,inthesensedefinedbygeographerMiltonSantos,an“event”—thatis,amomentofrupturethatrevealsandmaterializestheprofoundlogicsorganizingcontemporaryspace(Santos,1996).Inthecurrenthistoricalpe-riod,thatoftheTechnical-Scientific-InformationalMilieu(MTCI),spaceisproduced,againaccor-dingtoSantos(1996),bytheindissolubleunionofTechnique(asseen,forexample,intheuseofdrones,lasers,andfacialrecognitionsystems),Science(asinthecaseofpredictivecrowdmana-gement),andInformation(instantiated,forexample,inreal-timedataflowstocommandcenters).Thisarticlearguesthat,inthecurrentperiod,thedynamicsassociatedwiththediffusionoftheTechnical-Scientific-InformationalMilieu—whichareevidencedandamplifiedintheRéveillonsociotechnicalcoastalsqueezeevent—resultinacompressionofthecoastalecosystemsandpublicusesoftheCopacabanawa-terfront.Wetermthisprocessthe.Weemploythequalifier“sociotechnical”tosuggestthattheCopacabanawaterfrontshouldbeanalyzednotasapassivecontextbutasanassemblage,inthetermsofBrunoLatour(2005)andJohnLaw(2019):anunstable“material-semioticweb”whosecurrentformistheperformativeeffectofassociationsbetweenheterogeneousactors(humanandnon-human).Inthecurrentpe-riod,thedynamicsassociated,ononehand,withthepressureoftheglobalizedtourismeconomysociotechnicalandcommercialinterestsand,ontheother,withtheincreasinglyrigidandtechnologicallyreinfor-coastalsqueezecedbarrierofstatecontrolinfrastructureandprivategovernance,contributetothis.Tounderstandthisprocess,wewillanalyzecertaingeo-historicalaspectsofCopacabana’sseasideurbanization,aswellasrecenttransformationsofthewaterfrontassociatedwiththevectorsofurbanmobility,streetvending,andtourism.Thesetransformationswillthenbeinterpretedinli-ghtoftheterritorialconfigurationsthatconstitutetheCopacabanawaterfrontasacomplexurbaninterface.5“OrlaRioeGabrielinstalammaisde150câmerasnaZonaSulparareforçarsegurançaeturismonoRiodeJaneiro”.OrlaRio,29/10/2024.Availableon:https://www.orlario.com.br/curiosidades/orla-rio-e-gabriel-instalam-mais-de-150-came-ras-na-zona-sul-para-reforcar-seguranca-e-turismo-no-rio-de-janeiro.Accessedon:December8th,2025.3SociotechnicalcoastalsqueezeThecoastalsqueeze:frominfrastructuralfixitytoinformationalcompressioncoastalsqueezeetal.describesthenarrowingofcoastalhabitatscompressedbetweenThenotionofrisingsealevelsandtheexpansionofurbaninfrastructure.Theacademicliterature(Doody,2013;Pontee,2013;Borchert,2021)conver-gesontheunderstandingthatthis“compression”isaggravatedbylong-termanthropicprocesses,suchasthefixationofthecoastlinebyconstructions,whichpreventthenaturaladaptationofecosystemsandresultintheirdegradation.2018;Lithgow,2019;Silva,2020;Aguilaretal.etal.Coastalurbanizationisacentralfactorinthisprocess,ashumanconstructions—suchasbuil-dings,waterfronts,andports—functionasphysicalbarriersthatimpedethenaturalmigrationofhabitats,resultingintheirloss.Tourism,asavectorofcoastalurbanization,intensifiesthisdynamicbecausetheconstructionofhotelsandotherinfrastructurefrequentlyoccursalongthe(2019)coastline,reinforcingtherigidityofthebuiltbarrier.StudiessuchasthosebyLithgowandAguilar(2021)demonstratethestrongcorrelationbetweentourismexpansionandtheaggravationofcoastalsqueezeetal.etal..Acontradictorycycleisthuscreated,astourismisaffectedbytheveryconditionsithelpstopro-duce.Thereductioninbeachwidthandthelossofecosystemsdiminishthenaturalattractivenessofdestinations,whilegreatervulnerabilitytoextremeweathereventsincreasestheriskfortou-rismfacilities.Tomitigatetheseeffects,coastalengineeringinterventionsareemployed,suchasartificialbeachnourishment(Doody,2004).However,suchmeasuresarecostlyanddonotalwa-ysrepresentlong-termsolutions,potentiallygeneratingnegativeimpactsinotherareas(Pontee,2011).Wepropose,however,thatthephysicalcompressionemphasizedbythecoastalsqueezeconcept,whilefundamental,istodaysupplementedandintensifiedbyan“informationalsqueeze.”Whileinformationalsqueezethephysicalsqueezeisdefinedbythecompressionofthebeachterritorybetweenengineeringin-describesthecompressionofpublicfrastructuresandrisingsealevels,theusesandsocialpracticesexertedbythe“technologystack”(Kitchin,2016)thatgovernsurbanizedcoastalzonestoday.assemblageThisinformationalsqueezedoesnotcompresstheterritoryphysically,butrathertheactionsper-mittedwithinit.ItoperatesverticallythroughthelayersofwhatKitchin(2016)definesasthesociotechnical,formedbytheassociationbetween:1)the“materialplatform”(consti-tuted,forexample,byfacialrecognitioncameras,sensors,andfiberopticcables);2)the“data”and“algorithm”layersthatmonitor,manage,andregulateflowsinreal-time;and3)the“interface,”whichtranslatesthebeachintoamanageableassetthroughcontrolandconsumptionapplica-tions.“Technifiedgovernance”is,therefore,theengineofthisinformationalsqueeze.coastalsqueezeWewillproceedfromthisconceptualexpansiontoanalyzehowtheisinstantiatedontheCopacabanawaterfront,inRiodeJaneiro.phenomenon4LeticiaParenteRibeiro;MarcosPauloFerreiraGóisThehistoricalproductionofthewaterfront:crisesandspatialfixesofcapitalinCopacabana6Despitethelossofapproximately17,000residentsbetweenthe2010and2022censussurveys,Copacabanaremainsoneofthemunicipality’smostpopulousneighborhoodsandhasoneofitshighestdemographicdensities(Figure1).Theneighborhood’sconcentrationofpopulationandtourism,reinforcedinrecentyearsbytheadvanceofAirbnb-typeventures(Andrade,2024),isalsoreflectedinaconcentrationoffacilitiesandservicescreatedalongthewaterfront.Thisdensityofservicesandurbaninfrastructureisbotharesultandadeterminantoftheprocessofseasideurbanization,thatis,thearticulatedproductionofspatialformsandsocialpracticeslinkedtothevalorizationandorderingofcoastalzones(VidaleGomes,2019).Initiatedinthelatecentury,thisseasideurbanizationconsolidatedCopacabanabeachasalaboratoryforurban19experimentationandaniconofmodernity(Parente-RibeiroandGomes,2021).cariocaetal.thFigure1.Populationdensity–SouthernZoneofthemunicipalityofRiodeJaneiro,2022Source:PreparedbytheauthorsbasedondatafromtheBrazilianInstituteofGeographyandStatistics(IBGE)andData-Rio,2022.6AccordingtothedatafromthedemographiccensusescompiledbyData-Rio,thepopulationoftheCopacabananeigh-borhoodwentfrom146,392in2010to128,919in2022.Theinformationisavailableon:https://www.data.rio/apps/0486a2d8fdb241d68395c24e662c48bb/explore.Accessedon:December8,2025.th5SociotechnicalcoastalsqueezeAsaresultoftheseasideurbanizationprocess,theCopacabanawaterfrontconstitutesaconsoli-datedurbaninfrastructuralsystem,whosefixitycontributestothecoastalsqueezephenomenon.However,thisphysicalbarrierisnotastaticstructurebutaprovisionalmaterial-semioticsyn-thesisthattemporarilystabilizesthe“movementofassociation”amongheterogeneouselements(Latour,2005).Understandingitrequiresmovingbeyondthefixityofitsformstoanalyzeitasadynamicpalimpsest,atemporaryterritorialconfigurationinwhichsuccessivelogicsofcapitalaccumulationareinscribed.Thehistoricalevolutionofthewaterfrontcanbereinterpretedasasequenceof“spatialfixes,”aconceptdevelopedbyDavidHarvey(2001).Eachmajortransformationrepresentsatemporarygeographicaland/orstructuralsolutiontoacrisisofcapitaloveraccumulation.Simultaneously,eachfix,by“fixing”capitalintoanewterritorialconfiguration,generatesnewcontradictionsthat,inturn,requirefutureroundsof“creativedestruction”andspatialreorganization.Thisprocesswillbeanalyzedbasedonthreeassociatedhistoricalsyntheses:1)thecity’sexpan-century,2)theartificialnourishmentofCopacabanabeachinsioninthefirstdecadesofthe20the1970s,and3)theemergenceofanewwaterfrontmanagementmodelinthelastdecadeofthe20century.thththThehistoryofthewaterfrontasweknowitbeginswiththefirstmajorcrisisthatcapitalfacedcentury:acrisisofspatiallimits.Theurbancore,compressedinRiodeJaneirointhelate19betweentheseaandtherockymassifs,offeredfewopportunitiesfornewprofitableinvestments,especiallyforrealestatecapitalandelitesseekingnewspacesofsocialdistinction.Theseasideurbanizationprocess,drivenbythe“urbanization/salubrity”dyad(O’Donnell,2013),emergedasthespatialfixforthiscrisis,transformingaremoteareaintoanewandlucrativefrontierforaccumulation.Forthisfrontiertobecomeaccessible,amassiveinvestmentinfixedcapitalwasnecessary.Theopeningofthe(OldTunnel)in1892andthesubsequentcreationofastreetcarnetworkwerethefoundingactsofthisfix,“annihilating”themountain’sspatialbarrierandconnectingtheisolatedperipherytotheconsolidatedurbanfabric.AvenidaAtlânticaTúnelVelhoTheconstructionof(AtlanticAvenue),approvedin1905andinauguratedin1908,wasthemaininstrumenttoproducethewaterfrontasamodernandorderlyspace.Morethanjustathoroughfare,theavenuewasa“regulatorydevice,”imposingarationalorderonthecoastlinebyestablishingaclearboundarybetweenprivatepropertyandpublicareas,creatinga“front”ofhighvalorization(Parente-RibeiroandGomes,2001).AvenidaAtlânticacen-Thesuccessofthefirstsynthesisgeneratedtheconditionsforitsowncrisis.Bythemid-20itself)tury,fixedcapital(represented,forexample,bythebuildings,hotels,andwasthreatenedbycoastaldynamics.Theperiodicstormsurgescausederosionandendangeredtheaccumulatedvalue,becomingarecurring“publicproblem”(Cefaï,2018).Simultaneously,thetourismmodelevolvedintoamassphenomenon,andtheoriginalsandstrip,55to61meterswide,becameabottlenecklimitingthesector’sgrowth.Thephysicallandscapewasnowinade-quateforthenewscaleofaccumulation.thTheresponsetothisdoublecrisiswasoneofBrazil’smostambitiousurbanengineeringprojects:theartificialbeachnourishment,completedin1971.ThesecondhistoricalsynthesisoftheCopa-cabanawaterfrontthusresultedfroma“geomorphologicalfix”thatusedtechnologyto,literally,producenewterritory.Theproject,coordinatedbytheSuperintendenceofUrbanizationandSa-6LeticiaParenteRibeiro;MarcosPauloFerreiraGóis7nitationoftheStateofGuanabara(SURSAN),involveddredgingapproximately3.5millioncubicmetersofsand,increasingthebeach’swidthbyanaverageof85meters.Theworkwasaccompa-niedbytheduplicationofandthecreationoftheiconicboardwalkwithlandsca-pingbyRobertoBurleMarx(SilvaandLins-de-Barros,2021).AvenidaAtlânticaBywideningthebeach,theinterventioncreatedabufferzonethatprotectedpre-existingfixedcapitaland,simultaneously,generatedaplatformforthemasstourismeconomy,enablingthecon-solidationofmega-eventslikeRéveillon.Althoughpresentedasaworkofpublicinterest,theCopacabanalandfillcanbereinterpretedasastatesubsidytoprivatecapital.TheStatesocializedthecostsandrisksofahighlycomplexin-terventionto,inpractice,guaranteethesecurityandvalorizationofprivateassets(hotels,apart-ments).Theresultinggains,suchastheexponentialincreaseinrealestatevaluesandgreaterreve-nuesfortheeventindustry,werelargelyprivatized.ThegeomorphologicalfixthusdemonstratestheactiveroleoftheStateinproducingthespatialconditionsnecessaryforcapitalaccumulation.Thethirdsynthesisbegantotakeshapeinthe1990s,whenthewaterfront’scrisiswasnolongerphysical,butratheroneofgovernanceandefficiencyinvalueextraction.Thelandscape,althoughample,wasperceivedasunderutilizedanddisorganizedfromacommercialstandpoint,amissedopportunityinthenewglobalcontextofcompetitionbetweencitiesandtheriseofthe“corporatecity”model.Thesolutionwasa“regulatoryfix,”accompaniedbyaprofoundrestructuringofthewaterfront’smanagement.Thein1992representedthefirststep,restructuringthephysicalspacetomakeitmoreconducivetoorganizedconsumption.Thestandardizationofkiosks,theimplementationofabicyclepath,andimprovedlightingwerenotmereaestheticin-terventions;theywereinvestmentsinanew“consumptioninfrastructure.”Lighting,forexample,extendedthebeach’scommerciallifeintothenighttime,creatinganewspatiotemporalfrontierforaccumulation(Lins-de-BarrosandParente-Ribeiro,2018).ProjetoRioOrlaOrlaRioAssociadosTheculminationofthisfixoccurredwiththetransferofthekiosks’managementtotheprivatein1999,transformingthecommercialuseofpublicspaceintoconcessionaireaprivateasset.Thestandardizationofkiosksprovedtobeakeytechnologyofaccumulation:auniformassetiseasiertomanage,price,andpackageintoalarge-scaleconcessioncontract,whilesimultaneouslyexertingsocialcontrolbydisplacinginformaleconomiesthatdonotfitthemodel.Fromgeographicalexpansiontogeomorphologicalproductionandregulatoryrestructuring,thehistoricalsequenceofspatialfixesresolvedsuccessivecrises,butalsoproducedanewone:thatofphysicalspacesaturation.Havingexhaustedthepossibilitiesofhorizontalexpansionandma-nagerialoptimization,thelogicofaccumulationnowturnstowardtheverticalandinformationalintensificationoftheexistingspace.Thistransitionestablishesthefoundationsfortheemergenceofthe,aprocessthatwillbedeepenedbypost-pandemicaccelera-tions.sociotechnicalcoastalsqueeze7StateofGuanabara(1960–1975):AformerBrazilianfederativeunitcorrespondingtothecityofRiodeJaneiro.EstablishedafterthenationalcapitalmovedtoBrasília,itfunctionedasacity-stateuntilmergingwiththesurroundingStateofRiodeJaneiroin1975.7SociotechnicalcoastalsqueezePost-pandemicaccelerations:intensificationofusesanddigitalizationoftheWaterfrontetal.TheCovid-19pandemicfunctionedasacatalystfortransformationsontheCopacabanawater-front,generatingadualmovement.Ononehand,thehealthcrisisreinforcedthecentralityofthebeachasaspaceforleisureandsociability,makingitevenmorevaluedinthecollectiveimagina-,2022).Ontheother,socialdistancingmeasuresparalyzedthebeacheconomy,tion(Góis(beachstalloperators)anditinerantseverelyimpactingtraditionalworkers,suchasvendors,whosawtheirsourceofincometemporarilydisappear(Laurindo-Santosbarraqueiros,2020).etal.Thegradualreopening,markedbyprotestsandnegotiationsbetweenstreetvendorsandtheMu-nicipalGovernment,didnotsignifyareturntothepreviousstate,butrathertheconsolidationofanewlevelofuseanddisputeoverthespace.Theeconomicshockdroveanacceleratedadaptationandreorganizationofbeachcommerce.Thecrisisforcedtherapiddigitalizationoftransactions,withthemassadoptionofpaymentsviaPIXandtheuseofsocialmediaformarketingandconduc-mateirostingdeliveries(Laurindo-Santos,2020).etal.Areorganizationofbusinessmodelsandpoliticalrepresentationwasalsoobserved.The(thetraditionalmateteavendors)organizedintoanassociationandsecuredthefirstformalli-censesfortheircategory(Baranda-Oliveira,2023),whilethe(stalls)deepenedtheirintegrationwiththetourismchain,establishingpartnershipswithtravelagencies(Laurindo-San-ettos,2025).al.Thevalorizationofopenspacesinthepost-pandemicperiod(Abdullah,2023;Marvinbarraqueirosetal.,2023)attractednotonlytheusualbeachgoersandworkersbutalsonewandpowerfuleco-nomicagents.Hotels,tourismcompanies,andtheMunicipalGovernmentitselfbegantoseethewaterfrontasafrontierforexpandingtheirservices—installingequipment,promotingevents,andestablishingpartnershipsthatincreasedthedensityofactivities,amplifyingthepressureonanalready“compressed”territory.TheexpansionofeconomicinterestsonthewaterfrontaftertheacutephaseoftheCovid-19he-althcrisisisconcentrated,aboveall,inthreevectors:mobility,commerce,andtourism.AlthoughactivethroughouttheentireprocessofseasideurbanizationintheCopacabananeighborhood,thecurrenthistoricalphaseoftheTechnical-Scientific-InformationalMilieuandpost-pandemicacce-lerationshaveentailedaprofoundreorganizationofthesystemsofobjectsandsystemsofactionsarticulatedbasedonthelogicscharacterizingthesevectors.Thevectorsofthesociotechnicalsqueeze:mobility,commerce,andtourismMobilityasavectorofconnectionandsegmentationofflowsAvenidaAtlânticaHistorically,theconsolidationofCopacabanaasatouristdestinationwastiedtotheevolutionofitscentury,throughtheprimacyofthemobilitysystems.Fromthearrivalofstreetcarsinthelate19automobilewith,totheexpansionofbusesandthearrivalofthemetro,eachnewtransportationsystemreconfiguredtheaccessibility,landvalue,andusagepatternsofthewater-front,progressivelyintegratingitmorefullywiththemetropolis(Abreu,1997;O’Donnell,2013).thDuringthe1980s,theexpansionofurbanbuslinesbroadenedaccesstotheneighborhoodfordifferentsegmentsofthepopulationfromRiodeJaneiroandthesurroundingstate.Thisnew8LeticiaParenteRibeiro;MarcosPauloFerreiraGóisconfigurationpermittedtheintensificationofinformaleconomicactivitiesonthebeach—suchasstreetvendingandseasonalservices—andcontributedtothepopularizationofthebeachspace,AvenidaNos-without,however,diminishingthetensionsanddisputesoverthewaterfront’suse.Today,bussaSenhoradeCopacabanastopsrunalongalmosttheentirelengthoftheCopacabananeighborhood,especiallyRuaBarataRibeirocity’sSouth,North,andWestZones(Figure2).and,servingasameansofarticulationbetweentheSiqueiraCamposCardealArcoverdeThen,inthe1990sand2000s,theinaugurationofthemetrostationsinsertedCopacabanamoreintegrallyintothemetropolitantransportsystem,rein-forcingitscentralityandmakingaccesstothebeachevenmoreefficient,especiallyfortouristsandworkerswhocirculatedailythroughthecity.Inadditiontothetwostationsmentioned,Copa-cabanaalsobenefitsfromtwootherstations——whichconnecttheneighborhoodtootherareasofthecity,whilealsosegmentingtheflowsofvisitorsandworkersthatoccupyitsbeacharc(Figure2).CantagaloandGeneralOsórioandFigure2.TransportationandMobilitySystem–CopacabanaandLeme,RiodeJaneiro,2025.Source:PreparedbytheauthorsbasedondatafromData-Rio,BikeItaú,andWhoosh,2025.Morerecently,micromobilitysystems,suchaspublicbicyclerentalsandelectricscooters,havebeguntoplayasymbolicandfunctionalroleinrenewingtheneighborhoods’urbanimage.Theseservices,promotedthroughpublic-privatepartnerships,enhancethetouristexperiencebyofferinglightandsustainabletravelalongthewaterfront.Althoughaccessibletosomeextenttothelocal9Sociotechnicalcoastalsqueezepopulation,thesesystemsprimarilycatertoamiddle-andupper-classvisitorprofile,reinforcingurbanmarketingstrategiesthatrepositionthecityasamodern,connected,andecologicaltouristdestination.Liketheotherurbanmobilityservices,bicyclesandscootersareregularlydistributedthroughouttheneighborhoods,butwithahighconcentrationontheblocksnearthebeacharc.TheevolutionofurbanmobilitysystemsinCopacabanahasnotonlyshapedformsofaccessandcirculationthroughtheneighborhood,buthasalsostructuredtheeconomicusesofthecoastalstrip.Byconnectinginfrastructure,tourism,andlandvalorization,thesesystemshavecontribu-tedtotheconsolidationofabeacheconomymodelthatishighlydependentonmobilityandper-manentlytensionedbetweenpublicandprivateinterests.Beachcommerce:fromregulatedfixitytothecircuitsoftheurbaneconomyThemonumentalartificialbeachnourishmentprojectinCopacabana,completedin1971,repre-sentedmorethananengineeringsolution:itproducednewterritory,inauguratingacycleofdispu-tesforitseconomicappropriation.Thisspacereconfiguredbeachcommerce,which,historically,hadbeensporadicandrestrictedtoeliteestablishments(Parente-RibeiroandGomes,2021).Withthemassificationofbeachuse,anitinerantandinformalcommerceemerged,anditsrepressionbypublicauthoritiesthrough“crackdownoperations”()(Teixeira,2024)provedinsufficientafterthewideningofthesandstrip.‘rapa’ThevastspatialsubsidyfortheinformaleconomyforcedtheStatetorethinkitscontrolstrategies.Inthe1970s,commerciallogictransitionedfrommobilitytofixity,withvendorsdemarcatingandoccupyingspecificlocations(Teixeira,2024).Thistransitionsoonconfigureditselfasa“publicproblem,”inthetermsofDanielCefaï(2018),elicitingcomplaintsof“unfaircompetition”fromestablishedmerchantsandallegationsofdisorderfromauthorities.Paradoxically,fixity,initiallyseenastheproblem,wasco-optedasatoolofgovernance:afixedpointismorelegibleand,there-fore,easiertoregister,inspect,andtax.Alongprocessofnegotiation,conflict,andselectiverepressionculminatedinthegradualregula-tionofcommerce,consolidatedbylegalmilestonessuchasLawN°.804of1985,whichauthorizedtheexecutivebranchtograntfixedpointsonthesandstriptothe(Teixeira,2024).Thisregulationprocessconsolidatedaclearstratificationofcommerceonthewaterfront,mate-rializingthetheoryofthetwocircuitsoftheurbaneconomybyMiltonSantos(2004).barraqueirosbarraqueirosOrlaRioOnthesandstrip,the(stalls)wereestablished,operatingunderanindividualcon-cessionmodelandcharacterizedasfamilybusinesseswithlowcapitalandintensivelabor,typicaltraitsofthelowercircuit.Ontheboardwalk,meanwhile,thekiosks,managedbytheconcessionai-reandoperatedonacorporatemodel,representtheuppercircuit,demandinghighca-pitalinvestmentandrelyingonpermanentandcomplexinfrastructures.Copacabanabeachthusbecameamicrocosmoftheurbaneconomy,wherethetwocircuitscoexistinavisiblerelationshipofcomplementarityandcompetition(Figure3).Thisecosystem,whichmovesapproximatelyUSD650millionannuallyandconcentrates34%ofthe2,189licensedbeachmerchantsinthemunicipality(Laurindo-Santos,2025),isnotanencla-ve.Itscircuitsconnectthewaterfronttoavastmetropolitannetworkofproduction,logistics,andlabor,extendingfromdepotsinfavelastosupplycenters,becominganinseparablecomponentofCopacabana’s“tourismproduct.”10LeticiaParenteRibeiro;MarcosPauloFerreiraGóisThepost-pandemicscenario,aswehaveseen,intensifiedthedisputesfortheeconomicex-barra-ploitationofthewaterfront.The“boom”insandsports,suchasbeachtennis,introducedaqueirosnewactorthatdemandslargeareas,heighteningthecompetitionforterritorywiththe.Inresponse,thepublicauthoritieslaunchedanewandrigorouswaterfrontorderingdecreeinMay2025.Themeasuregeneratedimmediateprotestsfromworkers,forcingthecitytorelaxsomerulesanddemonstratingthattheregulationofthebeachremainsafieldofintensenegotiationanddispute,nowreconfiguredbytherecenttechnological,economic,andsocialaccelerations.Figure3.CommerceandServiceFacilities–CopacabanaandLeme,RiodeJaneiro,2025.Source:PreparedbytheauthorsbasedondatafromData-Rio,2023andOpenStreetMAP,2025.Tourismasaplatform:technifiedgovernanceandtheproductionofthewaterfront-productThetourismvectoroftheCopacabana-Lemebeacharc,consolidatedasanationalsymbolicrefe-rence,hasbeenstrategicallyrepositionedasacentralassetforthecity’smarketing.Thistransi-tionmaterializesinspacethroughadenseinfrastructureofservices(kiosks,hotels,stalls)thatconvertsthewaterfrontintoa“product,”themanagementofwhichisguidedbythelogicofurbanentrepreneurialism.Thismodelreconfiguresthebeacheconomy,whereinternationaltourism,whichiscapital-intensiveandfocusedonmega-events,interactswithdomestictourismarticula-tedbymoreflexibleandinformalnetworks.11SociotechnicalcoastalsqueezeThepost-pandemicdynamicacceleratedtheconvergenceofthesecircuits.Formalactors,notablythehotelchains,expandedtheiroperationsontothesandstripbyacquiringkiosks,installingexclusiveequipment,andformingpartnershipswithregularized.Thisadvanceins-titutesagovernancebyinterdependence:formalcapitalco-optsandstandardizesservicesfromthelowercircuit,extendingitsbrandandqualitycontroloverapublicspace.Thebeachbeginstooperateasaplatform,ahierarchicalcommercialecosystemthat,althoughintegratingdifferentagents,privilegesthescaleandpredictabilityofformalbusinesses.barraqueirosOrlaRioAssociadosThisplatformizationisenabledbyaregulatoryfixalignedwiththe“corporatecity”model.Thetransferofthewaterfront’smanagementtoprivateconcessionaires,suchas(Andreatta,2019),representstheinstitutionalizationofthislogic.Inthiscontext,thestandardiza-tionofequipmentandthesuccessiveregulationsofstreetvendingarenotneutralactsofordering,butrathertoolsthatmakethepublicspacelegibleandsuitableforlarge-scalecommercialmana-gement.TheStateactsasamarketfacilitator,preparingthegroundforprivateexploitationandandinternationalconcerts,whichtemporarilytheproductionofmega-events,suchasreconfiguretheentirelocaldynamic.RéveillonThesustainabilityofthiswaterfront-productultimatelydependsonasophisticatedlayerof“techni-fiedgovernance”(GrahamandMarvin,2022).Theprogressiveinstallationofmonitoringcameras,sensors,andfacialrecognitionsystems—manyoperatedviapublic-privatepartnerships—transfor-msthebeachintoashowcaseoftechnologicalcontrol.Majoreventsfunctionasurbanlaboratorieswherethesedevicesforcrowdmanagementandbehavioralmodelingaretestedathighintensity,beforebeingnormalizedintodailymanagement.Thisinfrastructure,centralizedincommandhubslikeCOR-Rio,producesanenvironmentofsecurityandpredictabilitythatis,initself,acommerciali-zableproduct.Itisthiscapacityforcontrolthatdiminishesriskforinvestorsandsponsors,guaran-teeingtheconditionsforthewaterfront’soperationasaglobalconsumptionplatform.Theanatomyofthesociotechnicalsqueeze:spatialarrangementsasinterpretivekeysThegeographicalanalysisofthesociotechnicalsystemthatterritoriallyconfigurestheCopaca-banawaterfrontcanbeguidedbytheinterpretationofthreecomplementarytypesofspatialar-rangements:longitudinal,transversal,andvertical.Farfrombeingmerelydescriptivecategories,thesearrangementsfunctionasaxesofinterpretationthatrevealthefunctionalandsymboliccomplexityofthisterritory.Theyarticulatesystemsofobjects(technicalnetworks,equipment,buildings,vehicles,etc.)andsystemsofactions(thesocial,economic,andpoliticalpracticesthatgivethemmeaning),asproposedbyMiltonSantos(1996).Byarticulatingthesethreeaxes,itispossibletoapprehendthebeachnotasaresidualnaturalspace,butasacomplexurbaninterface,intenselyproducedandcontinuouslyreorganizedbyeconomic,political,andtechnologicaldyna-mics,therebyqualifyingthecoastalsqueezeprocessbasedonitssociotechnicaldimension.Thelongitudinalarrangements,whichfollowthebeacharc,revealaduallogicofstandardizationanddifferentiation.Historically,theseasideurbanizationprocessproducedcontinuousanddistinctzo-nes—theavenue,theboardwalk,andthesandstrip—establishingalinearorderandaspatialclassifi-cationofuses.ThislogicisintensifiedtodaybythediffusionoftheTechnical-Scientific-InformationalMilieu.Thestandardizationofkiosksundertheconcessionmodel,theregularityofthelifeguardsta-tions,thecontinuityofthebicyclepath,andtherecentinstallationofacontinuousWi-Finetworkandsurveillancesystemsintegratedintothekioskscreateadigitalandobservationalcontinuumalongtheentirewaterfront.Thisstandardizationisnotjustanorganizationalchoice;itfunctionsasaprecondi-12LeticiaParenteRibeiro;MarcosPauloFerreiraGóistionformanagingthewaterfrontasaplatform,whereauniformandpredictableenvironmentismoreeasilydigitized,monitored,andpackagedintocommercialandcontrolproducts.Thetransversalarrangements,inturn,revealhowthewaterfrontarticulateswiththenei-ghborhoodandtherestofthemetropolis,connectingittolocalandglobalflows.Inthemobilityvector,thesearrangementsaremediatedbymetrostations,buslines,andmicromobilitysystemsthatchannelbeachgoersandsegmenttheoccupationsofthebeach.Thecommercevector,me-anwhile,isorganizedbasedonsupplychainsthatsustainthebeacheconomyandmaterializetheinterpenetrationofthetwocircuitsoftheurbaneconomy(Santos,2004).etal.(2020),thelogisticsofthebeachstall(lowercircuit)com-AsdetailedbyLaurindo-Santosmerceisaprimeexampleofthisformofspatialorganization.Thelegislationrequiringthenightlyremovalofstallmodulesactivatesanetworkofinformaldepotsandgaragesinstreetsadjacenttothewaterfront.Beveragesupplyoperatesonadualtemporality:emergencypurchasesatnearbysupermarketsandstockpurchasesatdistantwholesalers.Regardingthetourismvector,thepos-t-pandemicperiodhasseenintensifiedconnectionsbetweenthehotelchains,thekiosks,andtheoccupationsonthesandstrip.Inthelowercircuit,areinvestinginarticulationwithsmall-scaletourismagentstoattractvisitorsfromothermunicipalitiesinthestateofRiodeJa-neiroandfromborderingstates,demonstratinganewtransversalarticulationbetweenthelowercircuitonthesandandthemetropolitantourismeconomy(Laurindo-Santos,2025).barraqueirosFinally,theanalysisofthewaterfront’sverticalarrangementsunveilsthehiddendensityofthebeach-infrastructure(Figure4).Onthesurface,extendingintotheairspace,visibleelementssuchaslightingpoles(A),surveillancecameras(B,F),Wi-Firouters(C),kiosks(G),beachstalls(H),andairplaneswithadvertisingbanners(N)composethe“scene”ofconsumption,leisure,andcontrol.Inthesubsoil,aninvisiblenetworkofrestrooms(I),depots(K),andsupportareasforthekiosks(J)constitutestheessentialinfrastructurethatguaranteesthesystem’soperability.Figure4.SimplifiedverticalprofileoftheCopacabanawaterfront,RiodeJaneiro,2025.A.Lightingpolesandfloodlights.B.Surveillancecameras.C.Wi-Firouter.D.AutomaticTellerMachine(ATM).E.Accessstairstothesubsoil.F.Gabrielsystemsecuritycameras.G.Kiosk.H.Beachstall.I.Restrooms.J.Kiosksupportarea.K.De-potandwatertank.L.Lifeguardstation.M.Lifeguardstationsupportarea.N.Airplanewithadvertisement.Source:PreparedbytheauthorsbasedonfieldworkconductedontheCopacabanawaterfrontin2024and2025.13SociotechnicalcoastalsqueezeTheverticalarrangementsofthewaterfrontalsoinstantiatethe“technologystack”mechanismthat,accordingtoKitchin(2016),constitutesthecontemporaryurbansociotechnicalassembla-ge.Atthebaseisthe“materialplatform”:the“trenchofconcrete,cables,andsensors.”Operatingaboveitarethe“codeplatform,”“data,”and“algorithm”layers,suchasthefacialrecognitionandlogisticssoftwarethatfeedCOR-Rio.Atthetop,visibletotheuser,isthe“interface”:theWi-Firou-ters,informationtotems,andthekiosks’consumptionapplications.Inthissense,thebarriercompressingcoastalecosystemsisnotjustthewallofbuildings,butadeepandtechnifiedinformationalinfrastructurethatmakesspacedependentontechnologicalsystemsandsusceptibletocentralizedformsofgovernance.Beyondengineering:theinformationalsqueezeandthefutureofurbancoastalzonesTheanalysisoftheCopacabanawaterfront’sspatialarrangementshighlightstheemergenceofanewsynthesisthatredefinestheveryconceptofthe“spatialfix.”Whilepreviousfixes(withtheopeningoftunnelsandtheartificialbeachnourishment)constitutedclassic—sta-bilizationsoffixedcapitaltoresolvecrises—thecurrentsynthesisrespondstothesaturationofphysicalspacedifferently.Inthisnewsynthesis,(provisional)stabilityisnolongerguaranteedbytheconcreteofengineeringworks,butbyinformationalandregulatoryintensification.spatialfixesThecharacteristicsofthecurrentwaterfrontgovernancemodelarethesegmentationofpublics,thecommodificationofeverysquaremeterofthewaterfront,theplatformizationofservices,theproductionofimmersive“experiences,”andtheassemblyanddisassemblyofephemeralstruc-turesforevents.Thismodelissustainedbyahyper-connectivitythatallowsforthepermanentsensingandreadingofindividualandcollectivebehaviors.sociotechnicalcoastalsqueezeThephenomenonofthemanifests,therefore,notonlyinphysicalcompressionbutinan“informationalsqueeze.”Thebarriertopublicuseisnolongerjustthehardinfrastructure,butameshofregulations,registries,applications,andsurveillancesystemsthatgovernwhocanbeinspace,how,andwhen.TheCopacabanawaterfront,withitscomplexinterfacebetweennaturalecosystemsandbuiltspa-ce,servesasaparadigmforthinkingandactinguponthefutureofglobalurbancoastalzones.Theprocessesobservedhere—thefusionofmasstourism,technifiedgovernance,andurbanmarke-ting,andthemanagementofpublicspaceasacommercialasset—arenotalocalparticularity.Theypointtoaglobaltrend.UnderstandingthedynamicsofthesociotechnicalcoastalsqueezeinCopacabanathusoffersacruciallessonforothercitieswhoseurbanbeachesfacesimilarpressu-res,convertingthemintovitalarenaswheretheverydefinitionofwhatconstitutesapublicspacestinthe21Fundingcenturyisforgedandcontested.FAPERJ-CarlosChagasFilhoFoundationforResearchSupportoftheStateofRiodeJaneiro14LeticiaParenteRibeiro;MarcosPauloFerreiraGóisReferencesetal.GeographersABDULLAH,Adam.Re-arrangingtheurban:Forms,rhythms,politics.TransactionsoftheInstituteofBritish,v.48,n.4,p.718-744,2023.Availableon:https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rdtran.12604.Accessedon:March3,2025.EvoluçãourbanadoRiodeJaneiro.ABREU,MauriciodeAlmeida.Land3.ed.RiodeJaneiro:IPLANRIO,1997.147p.AGUILAR,Pedro;MENDOZA,Edgar;SILVA,Rodolfo.InteractionbetweenTourismCarryingCapacityandCoastalSqueeze,[s.l.],v.10,n.9,p.900,2021.Availableon:https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090900.Ac-inMazatlan,Mexico.cessedon:July16th,2025.OculumEnsaiosANDRADE,JosianeN.;ARAUJO,CristinaP.;CRISTINO,ClaudioT.IncidênciaerepercussõesdoAIRBNB:ocasodoRiodeJaneiro.,v.21,e245479,2024.Availableon:https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0919v21e2024a5479.Accessedon:March3rd,2025.DoRioOrlaàOrlaConde:In:ANDREATTA,VerenafrentemarítimadacidadedoRiodeJaneiro.RiodeJaneiro:RioBooks,2019.336p.(ed.).osprojetosquetransformaramaBARANDA-OLIVEIRA,Caio.Ocomércioambulantedemate,limonadaebiscoitoGlobonaspraiascariocas:umaanáliseapartirdoscircuitosdaeconomiaurbana.EUGEOCONGRESS,9.,2023,Barcelona.Anais.Barcelona:EUGEO,2023.etal.JournalofAppliedEcologyBORCHERT,Sinéad.M.andcoastalsqueeze.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1365-2664.13169.Accessedon:March3rd,2025.Coastalwetlandadaptationtosealevelrise:Quantifyingpotentialforlandwardmigration,v.55,[s.n.],p.2876–2887,2018.Availableon:https://besjournals.In:etal.CríticaepragmatismonaSociologia:CEFAÏ,Daniel.Público,SocializaçãoePolitização:relerJohnDeweynacompanhiadeGeorgeHerbertMead.DiogoSilvaEditora,2018.CORRÊA,DiálogosentreBrasileFrança.SãoPaulo:AnnablumeJournalofCoastalConservation(orgs.).,[s.l.],v.10,[s.n.],p.129-DOODY,J.Pat.Coastalsqueeze:anhistoricalperspective.138,2004.Availableon:https://doi.org/10.1652/1400-0350(2004)010[0129:CSAHP]2.0.CO;2.Accessedon:March3,2025.rdetal.GeographicalResearchGÓIS,MarcosPauloFerreiradeRiodeJaneiro,Brazil.articles/PMC8652489/pdf/GEOR-60-29.pdf.Accessedon:April4nologyGRAHAM,Stephen;MARVIN,Simon.SplinteringUrbanismat20andthe“InfrastructuralTurn”.ScenariosofsocialisolationduringthefirstwaveoftheCOVID-19pandemicin,v.60,n.1,p.29-39,2022.Availableon:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JournalofUrbanTech-,2025.th,[s.l.],v.29,n.1,p.169-175,2022.Availableon:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10630732.2GeographischeRevue021.2005934?needAccess=true.Accessedon:March3,2025.rdHARVEY,David.Globalizationandthe“SpatialFix.”,[s.l.],v.8,[s.n.],p.23-30,2001.Availableon:https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2251/file/gr2_01_Ess02.pdf.Accessedon:April4th,2025.CodeandtheCityKITCHIN,Rob;PERNG,Sung-Yueh(eds.).ReassemblingtheSocial:.London:Routledge,2016.260p.LATOUR,Bruno.2005.311p.etal.CostasAnIntroductiontoActor-Network-Theory.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,LAURINDO-SANTOS,JuliaValentinnegóciodebarracasnoRiodeJaneiro,Brasil.index.php/costas/article/view/9034/9114.Accessedon:April4Leme(RiodeJaneiro,RJ).LAURINDO-SANTOS,JuliaValentin.EfeitosedesafiosdapandemiadaCovid-19paraaeconomiadepraia:ocasodo,v.2,n.2,p.263-286,2020.Availableon:https://revistas.uca.es/AorganizaçãoespacialdonegóciodebarracasdaspraiasdeCopacabanaeth,2025.deGeociências,UniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,2025.Dissertação(MestradoemGeografia)–ProgramadePós-GraduaçãoemGeo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CI)intensificalacompresióndelespaciopúblico.Metodológicamente,elanálisisarticulalahistoriadelos“ajustesespaciales”(spatialfixes)conlainterpretacióndearreglosespacialescon-temporáneos(longitudinales,transversalesyver-ticales).Losresultadosdemuestranque,másalládelainfraestructurafísica,una“compresióninfor-macional”(informationalsqueeze)—unamalladeplataformasdigitales,sistemasdevigilanciayalianzaspúblico-privadas—gobiernalosusosdelaplaya,loqueimpulsalacomodificaciónylaplataformización.ElmegaeventodeRéveillonseanalizacomounlaboratorioparaestagobernanzatecnificada,dondesepruebanynormalizannue-vastecnologíasdecontrol.Seconcluyequeestadimensiónsociotécnica,definidaporbarrerasin-formacionales,esfundamentalparacomprenderlosdesafíoscontemporáneosenlascostasurba-Palabrasclavenasglobales.:CoastalSqueezeSociotécnico;OrlaUrbana;GobernanzaTecnificada;AjusteEs-pacial;Copacabana.TimelineoftheManuscriptReceived:September2025FirstReview:September2025SecondReview:October2025AcceptedforPublication:October2025Authorrevision:November2025Grammar,SpellingandABNTreview:December2025Authorrevision:December2025PublishedonDecember202517Sociotechnicalcoastalsqueeze