RevistaTOMO,SãoCristóvão,v.44,e22912,2025DOI:10.21669/tomo.v44.22912SpecialIssue-CoastalSqueeze:BeachesunderSocio-EconomicandEcologicalPressureE-ISSN:2318-9010/ISSN:1517-4549SpecialIssuePlanningforBeachResilience:AFrameworkforUnderstandingBeachAppropriationandtheCoastalSqueezeCharlesLester1;KikiPatsch2;JoséCastro-Sotomayor3;JeniferDugan4SummerGray5;PhilipKing6;EllaMcDougall7;KrissK.Neuman8DanReineman9;SarahJenkins10;LiliaMourier11;MirandaScalzo12AbstractCaliforniaisexpectedtofacesignificantbeachlossduetocoastalsqueezeby2100withouteffectiveadap-tation.RecognizingtheimportanceofbeachestoCalifornia’ssocial,cultural,economic,andenvironmen-talfabric,thestateisdevelopingtheCaliforniaBeachResiliencyPlan(CBRP).TheCBRPwillassessbeachvulnerabilityandguidelocaladaptationthroughaninterdisciplinaryframeworkthataddressesgeophy-sicalprocesses,accessandrecreation,economicandecologicalvalues,culturalsignificance,developmentpressures,justice,andgovernance.Thisframingofbeachesascomplexsocio-environmentalsystemsmaybeusefulforsupportingeffortstosustainbeachesasvitalpublicspacesinthefaceofsealevelriseandin-Keywordscreasingcoastalconstraints.:BeachAccess;CoastalSqueeze;CaliforniaCoast;BeachResilience;Socio-EcologicalSystems;CoastalGovernance;ClimateAdaptation..21UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara.MarineScienceInstitute.SantaBarbara.California.USAE-mail:charleslester@ucsb.eduOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-0026.CrediT:Conceptualization,Fundingacquisition,Methodology,Projectadministration,Supervision,Validation,Visualization,Writing–originaldraft,Writing–reviewandeditingCaliforniaStateUniversity,ChannelIslands.Camarillo.California.USA.E:mail:kiki.patsch@csuci.eduOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3238-8869CrediT:Methodology,Writing–originaldraft,Writing–reviewandeditingjose.castro-sotomayor@csuci.eduOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-4255.CRediT:Writing–reviewandediting.3CaliforniaStateUniversityChannelIslands,DepartmentofCommunicationStudies,Camarillo,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:4MarineScienceInstitute,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,SantaBarbara,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:j_dugan@li-fesci.ucsb.eduOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9653-997X.CRediT:Writing–originaldraft,Writing–reviewandediting5UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,EnvironmentalStudies,SantaBarbara,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:sgray@es.ucsb.eduOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-179XCRediT:Writing–originaldraft,Writing–reviewandediting6ProfessorEmeritus,SanFranciscoStateUniversity,CetoConsulting,Davis,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:pking@ceto-7CaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncil,StateofCalifornia,Sacramento,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:ella.mcdougall@8PointBlueConservationScience,PacificCoastandCentralValleyGroup,Petaluma,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:kneu-9CaliforniaStateUniversityChannelIslands,EnvironmentalScienceandResourceManagement,Camarillo,California,Uni-tedStates.E-mail:daniel.reineman@csuci.eduOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3019-2499.CRediT:Writing–originaldraft,Writing–reviewandeditingresources.ca.govCRediT:Fundingacquisition,Writing–reviewandeditingconsulting.coCRediT:Writing–originaldraft,Writing–reviewandeditingman@pointblue.orgCRediT:Writing–reviewandediting10CetoConsulting,NewburyPark,CA,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:sjenkins@cetoconsulting.coCRediT:Methodology;11WritingUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,BrenSchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandManagement,SantaBarbara,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:liliamourier@bren.ucsb.eduOrcid:https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9587-7105.CRediT:Projectadmi-nistration,Validation,Visualization,Writing–originaldraft,Writing–reviewandediting12UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,BrenSchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandManagement,SantaBarbara,California,UnitedStates.E-mail:mscalzo@bren.ucsb.eduOrcid:CRediT:Validation,Writing–reviewandediting1IntroductionBeachesarevaluedworldwideasplacesofculturalexpression,recreation,commerce,ecologicalfunction,stormbuffering,beauty,andsustenance.Theprivateappropriationofbeachesisalsowi-despread,thoughitsformsandresultingconflictsvary(Low,2025).Understandingthisvariationiskeyforthoseseekingtopreservebeachesasvitalpublicspaces.However,globalsealevelrise–theeventualdisappearanceofbeachestrappedbetweenrising(SLR)andtheseasandfixedhumandevelopments,likeseawallsandurbaninfrastructure–mayrendersuchunderstandingandthegoalofpreservingbeachesmoot.coastalsqueezeToaddressbeachprivatizationandthecoastalsqueeze,itisimportanttounderstandthephysicalandsocialdynamicsofbeachchange.ThisarticlefocusesonCalifornia,wherepublicbeachaccessishighlyvalued.ItoutlinestheCaliforniaBeachResiliencyPlan(CBRP),anewinterdisciplinaryinitiativeforhelpingcommunitiesaddressSLR,beachloss,andtheoftencompetingsocial,ecolo-gical,andgoverningfactorsthatdeterminetheresilienceofbeaches.TheCBRPwasinitiatedandfundedbytheCaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncil(OPC)tosupporttheagency’smissionto“pro-tectCalifornia’scoastandoceanbyadvancinginnovative,science-basedpolicyandmanagement,makingstrategicinvestments,andcatalyzingactionthroughpartnershipsandcollaboration”(Ca-liforniaOceanProtectionCouncil,2025).TheCBRPisbeingdevelopedbyamultidisciplinaryre-searchteamledbytheOceanandCoastalPolicyCenterattheMarineScienceInstitute,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara.Californiahasalonghistoryofproactivebeachmanagementandprotectionofpublicshorelineaccessandrecreation.Butclimatechangeandglobalsealevelrisenowjeopardizeboththislegacyandthelong-termresilienceofCalifornia’sbeaches.California’scoastisalsounderstressfromanincreasinglycomplicatedpoliticallandscape,onewithamultitudeofoverlappingregulatoryju-risdictionsandcompetingdevelopmentinterests.Inresponsetoincreasingpressurestobalancehousingneeds,climateadaptation,andeconomicdevelopment,Californiaisseeingagrowingcallforregulatorystreamliningandlegislativereformstofacilitatehousingsolutionsincoastalareas.Atthesametime,thisdebatehasreinvigoratedlongstandingprivatepropertyrightsintereststhatadvocateforadaptationsolutionsthatdon’trequirestrictregulationorrelocationofresidentialdevelopmentoutofcoastalhazardzones(suchasmanagedretreat)(Karlamangla,2025;Bittle,2023).Nonetheless,recentpollingsuggeststhatCaliforniaremainslargelycommittedtoitsle-gacyofbeachprotection,withaboutnineintenadultssayingthat“theconditionofoceansandbeachesisveryimportantorsomewhatimportanttoCalifornia’sfutureeconomyandqualityoflife”(PublicPolicyInstituteofCalifornia,2025).Inthiscontextofdiverseopinionsaboutcoastalmanagement,theCBRPwillproduceastatewideframeworkanddecisionsupporttoolstoguidebeachadaptationatthelocalcommunitylevel.WhiletheCBRPmaysupportCalifornia’sstatewidecommitmenttobeachresiliencythroughstra-tegicandinterdisciplinaryplanning,long-termactionwilldependonfundingandcollaborationforitsimplementation.Localcommunitieswillneedthecapacitytonavigatetrade-offsamongoftencompetingusesandvaluesforthebeach.Inanticipationofsuchimplementation,thisarticleexaminesthemajordimensionsoftheCBRPframeworkinrelationtothechallengeofclimatechange,beachresiliency,andpublicbeachaccess.Itsuggeststhatviewingbeachesascomplexsocio-ecologicalsystems(asproposedintheearlyde-velopmentoftheCBRP)maybeausefulsharedframeworkforunderstandinghowprivatebeach2CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzoappropriationandresiliencearelinked,thetrade-offsbetweenconflictingbeachvaluesandfunc-tions,andhowpublicbeachesmaybebettersustainedinachangingclimate.ThearticleauthorsaremembersoftheCBRPresearchteam,andoneisanemployeeofthefundingagency(OPC).However,theconclusionshereinarenotintendedto(nordothey)representofficialCaliforniapolicyconcerningpublicbeachaccessandmanagement.TheCaliforniaCase:fromexpandingneachaccessprotectiontotheCoastalSqueezeCalifornia’scoasthasbeeninhabitedbyhumansforatleast14,000years,andevidencesuggestssigni-ficantconnectionstoanduseofcoastalandmarineresourcesbypeople.ThepopulationofCaliforniaisththcenturies),withtragic-18estimatedtohavebeenaround310,000atthetimeofEuropeancontact(16anddramaticreductionstoperhaps20,000by1900ascolonialpopulationssteadilyexpanded(fromSpain,Mexico,theU.S.,andotherplaces).Post-contactcoastalpopulationgrowthwasdrivenprima-rilybymaritimecommerce,logging,theCaliforniagoldrush,andexpandingrailtransportsupportingththcentury,acoastalleisureeconomyhadalsostartedtoandearly20economicgrowth.Bythelate19contributetoincreasingtourismanddevelopmentfromSanDiegotoSanFrancisco(ICF,2013).etal.century,withincreasingCaliforniaexperiencedacceleratingpopulationgrowthintheearly20conflictbetweenprivatedevelopmentandpublicinterestsregardingtheuseandenjoymentoftheshoreline.ThoughCalifornia’s1879Constitutionprovidedforaccesstotidelandsforanypublicpurpose,expandinggovernmentalgrantsandsalesoftidalareastoprivateinterestsfordevelo-pmentpromptedtheCalifornialegislaturetoprohibitsuchtransfersin1909.Subsequently,theprotectionofthevariouspublicinterestsinbeachesbecameakeycomponentofastatewidemo-vementtoexpandpublicparkholdings.thAstatebondacttoacquirenewstateparklandsoverwhelminglypassedin1927,andin1929,Fre-drickLawOlmstedcompletedasurveyofpotentialparkacquisitionsforthestate.Concerningtheshorelineandbeaches,Olmstedwasclear-eyedthat“thevaluesatstakealongathousandmilesofalmostunwatchedtidelandboundary,withmanythousandsofaggressiveprivateneighborsreadytotakeanellwheretheycangetaninch,aretoovasttobeleftlongerwithoutvigoroussafeguar-ding”(Olmsted,1929,p.23).Olmsted’sreportfocusedontheneedforacquisitionofcoastallandsandproactiveregulationofprivatedevelopmentalongtheshorelinetoavoidthe“short-sitedandpubliclyinjurious”exploitationofthecoast.OntheheelsofOlmsted’sreport,ajointlegislativecommitteerecognizedthat“[t]hefuturepros-perityoftheStateandthehappinessofitscitizensinalargemeasuredependsuponthemannerinwhichthewaterfrontfromOregontoMexicoisdevelopedbybothgovernmentalandprivateagencies(CaliforniaLegislature,1931).Thecommitteealsorecognizedthatwhilethestateheldthelandbelowthemeanhightideintrustforthepublic,mostcoastallandabovethemeanhightidelinewasprivate.ItspecificallyembracedOlmsted’scallforincreasedpublicacquisitionofco-astaluplandsforrecreationalusesaswellasacquisitionoflandbetweenexistingpublicroadsandtheshorelinetoincreasepublicaccesstotidelands.PerhapsinresponsetoOlmsted’scallformoreproactivestateintervention,thecommitteeobservedhowincreasingpubliccoastallandsmightalso“protect[…]theprivateownersofuplandbeachareasfromtrespassandfromincreasinglyinsistentdemandsforlegislationofaradicalcharacter”(.,p.365).IdCaliforniaincreaseditscoastalstateparkholdingssignificantlyintheensuingdecades,butrapidgrowthalsocontinued,particularlyinthepost-WWIIperiod.Bythe1960s,unregulateddevelop-3PlanningforBeachResiliencementwasfurtherdegradingthecoast,steadilyreducingpublicshorelineaccess,justasOlmstedhadforeseen.IntheSanFranciscoBayArea,uncontrolledfillingoftheBayledtothecreationofthefirststatecoastalmanagementagency–theSanFranciscoBayConservationandDevelopmentCommission(BCDC)–in1965.Amongotherthings,BCDCwastaskedwithprotectingtheBay’swetlandsandprovidingpublicaccessalongtheshoreline.BCDCwasalsoinspirationalforastatewidepoliticalmovementtopro-tecttheoutercoast.Voterspassedthe1972CoastalInitiative,declaringthat“theCaliforniacoastalzoneisadistinctandvaluablenaturalresourcebelongingtoallthepeople.”Fouryearslater,thelegislatureenactedtheCaliforniaCoastalActtoimplementthisvision.ThelegislaturealsocreatedastateCoastalConservancytocontinuecoastallandacquisitionandprovidefundingforpublicac-cessandenvironmentalrestorationprojects.Meanwhile,theCaliforniaDepartmentofParksandRecreationcontinuedtoexpandthestateparksystem,includingalongthecoast(Lester,2013).TheCoastalActcreatedtheCaliforniaCoastalCommission(CCC)toregulatedevelopmentandprotectpublicshorelineaccessandothercoastalresources.Thelawaffirmedtheoriginal1879constitutionalright-of-waytothenavigablewaterswhenrequiredforapublicpurpose(CaliforniaConstitution,ArticleX,§4)andestablishedamandatethat“maximumaccess...beprovidedforallthepeopleconsistentwithpublicsafetyneedsandtheneedtoprotectpublicrights,rightsofprivatepropertyowners,andnaturalresourceareasfromoveruse”(CaliforniaPublicResourcesCode(PRC),§30210).TheActalsorequiredthatnewdevelopmentenhancepublicaccessandavoidinterferingwithexistingaccess(CaliforniaPublicResourcesCode(PRC),§§30211-30212).Toimplementthese(andother)statewidecoastalprotectionmandates,theCoastalActrequiredlocalgovernmentstocreatelanduseplansandzoningordinances(LocalCoastalProgramsorLCPs),tobeapprovedbytheCoastalCommission.OnceanLCPwasapproved,localgovernmentscouldthenassumetheCommission’sregulatoryauthorityovernewdevelopmentabovethemeanhightide,withsomeappellateoversightbytheCommission.TheCommissionretaineditsautho-rityoverdevelopmentonstatetidelands.TheCoastalActthusfinallyestablishedthecomprehen-siveplanningandregulatoryprogramforcoastalmanagementthatOlmstedandothershadcalledforfiftyyearsearlier.TheCoastalActwasbornoutofthepublicconcernfortheincreasingdegradationoftheCaliforniacoast.However,itwasalsopartofthelargermodernenvironmentalmovementthatsawthecrea-tionofmanyenvironmentalplanningandregulationprograms,includingtheCleanAirandWaterActs,protectionofsensitivespeciesandwildlife,theregulationoftoxicchemicalsanddumpsites,andnewenvironmentalassessmentrequirementsatthestateandnationallevel.ThebirthoftheCaliforniacoastalprogramalsocoincidedwiththecreationandbecameapartofanationalcoastalzonemanagementprogram,managedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).Bytheendofthe1970s,comprehensiveplanninginthecoastalzone,includingprotec-tingandprovidingforpublicshorelineandbeachaccess,wasfirmlyensconcedinCaliforniaaspartofalargercoastalandenvironmentalprotectionethic(Id.).TheprotectionofpublicbeachaccessisoneofthegreatsuccessesoftheCaliforniacoastalpro-gram.Since1977,theCCChassecuredover1,600publicaccessbeachdedicationstomitigatedevelopmentimpacts(Lester,2022).Mostoftheseare“lateral”areasbetweenneworredevelo-pedprivatebeachhomesandthemeanhightideline,thoughnearly200are“vertical”accesswaysfromthefirstinlandpublicroadtotheshoreline(Figure1).TheCCChasalsoopenedmanybeachareasthatmightotherwisebeprivate,blockedbydevelopment,orbehindlockedgates,including4CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzostretchesoftheMalibucoast,luxuryhotels,andexclusiveresortareassuchasthePebbleBeachGolfCourseinMonterey(Figure2).Notwithoutcontroversy,beachaccesslitigationiscommon.In1987,aCCCdecisionrequiringaprivatehometodedicatebeachaccessreachedtheU.S.SupremeCourt,whereitwasoverturnedina5-4decisionthatconcluded,basedonthecasefacts,thattheCommissionhadaninsufficientbasisforrequiringpublicaccess(Nollan,1987).ThecaseissignificantinU.S.propertylawandmayhavehadachillingeffectonsubsequentCCCactionstosecureaccessdedications.Still,theIdagencyhascontinuedtoexpandpublicbeachaccessthroughitsplanningandregulatoryprogram(.).TheseeffortsincludeenforcementofCoastalActpublicaccessrequirements,particularlyinurbanareaswheretensionbetweenresidentsandbeachvisitorsiscommon.In2020,theCCCfinedthirty-threeNewportBeachhomeowners$1.7millionforpublicbeachencroachments(Cal-iforniaCoastalCommission,2020).Thatsameyear,acourtupheldanotherCCCorderagainstahomeownertoremoveanillegalseawallandpaya$1-millionfine(11Lagunita,2020).etal.California’ssuccessinprotectingandexpandingpublicbeachaccessiswidelyrecognized,yetglo-balsealevelrisethreatenstounduethisaccomplishment.Sealevelscouldrisebetween1.6and3.1feetby2100(CaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncil,2024),perhapscausingthelossof24%to75%ofsouthernCaliforniasandybeachesbytheendofthecentury.Thisislargelydueto“coastalsqueeze”–thegradualinundationanderosionofbeachesthatareincreasinglybackedbyharde-ned,non-erodibleshorelines(Vitousek,2017).Asbeachesdisappear,sowilltheirecosystemservices,includinghabitat,stormbuffering,andpublicaccess.Onestudyestimatesthat100ac-cesssitescouldbelostforeveryfootofSLR(PatschandReineman,2024).Thedecreasingsupplyofpublicbeachaccessalsomaybeexacerbatedbyhigherdemandaspeopleinincreasinglyhot-terinlandareasseekreliefintherelativelycoolercoastalzone(CaliforniaCoastalCommission,2024).Meanwhile,California’stotalpopulationisexpectedtoincreasebyabout5%ornearlytwomillionpeopleby2070(CaliforniaDepartmentofFinance,2025).Figure1.ExampleofBeachAccessDedicationsinMalibu,California.Source:AdaptedfromCaliforniaCoastalCommission,n.d.)5PlanningforBeachResilienceFigure2.PublicBeachAccessDedicationatthePebbleBeachGolfCourse.Source:CaliforniaCoastalCommission,2016.Thecoastalsqueezewillalsointensifyfundamentallegalconflictbetweenpublicandprivatepro-pertyinterests.Asdiscussed,Californiahasrecognizedsinceitsinceptionthattidelandscarryinherentpublicinterests,aprincipledatingbacktoJustinian’s533proclamationthattheseasho-reis“commontoall”byvirtueofnaturallaw(Moyle,1913).UndertheU.S.andCaliforniaPublicTrustDoctrines,onlyspecificpublicuses,suchascommerce,fishing,recreation,andprotectionofnaturalresources,arepermittedontidelands.Privateresidentialusesgenerallyarenot.Califor-nia’stidelands(betweenthemeanlowandhigh-waterlines)areheldintrustforthepeoplefor“statewidepublicpurposes”(Lester,2021).TheCaliforniaStateLandsCommission–anotherim-portantstatecoastalmanagementagencyinCalifornia–managestheselandsandhasauthoritytoremovetrespassersorissueleasestousetidelands,providedtheusedoesnotcause“substantialimpairment”tothepublicinterest(IllinoisCentral,1892).Dependingontheslopeofabeach,theboundarybetweenpublictidelandsandprivateuplandswillmoveasmuchas150feetinlandwiththreefeetofSLR–adistinctpossibilityinthenext50-75years(Figure3).Thiscouldresultinhundredsofprivateencroachmentsonpublictidelands,promptingdisputesovertrespassandraisingcomplexpropertylawquestionsfortheStateLandsCommissionandthecourts.TheCoastalCommissionandlocalgovernmentsmayalsofacechal-lengesimplementingtheCoastalAct,asthelawspecificallyrecognizestheConstitutionalrequire-menttoprotectpublicaccesstotidelands.Howthesedisputesareresolvedwillshapethefuturebalancebetweenpublicandprivateinterestsalongmanymilesofshoreline(Lester,2021).6CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzoFigure3.ShorelineChangewith3.3feet(1meter)ofSLRinDelMar,CA.Source:Lester,2021.SeaLevelRiseAndTheCaliforniaBeachResiliencyPlanThestateofCaliforniaanditscoastalmanagementagencieshavelongrecognizedthesignificantthreatofclimatechangeandglobalsealevelrisetobothshorelinedevelopmentandimportantco-astalresources,particularlybeachaccessandrecreation.Overthelasttwodecades,gubernatorialexecutiveordershavedirectedCalifornia’sagenciestoplanforsealevelrise.Multiplestatewidebondmeasureshavedirectedbillionsofdollarstowardclimatechangeresponse.Since2013,theCCChassupportedLCPupdatestoaddresssealevelrisethroughagrantprogramtolocalgover-nmentsandwithcomprehensiveguidance(2015).Morethantwo-thirdsofthe76communitiesontheoutercoasthavecompletedsealevelrisevulnerabilityassessments,andaboutathirdhavecompletedadaptationplans–manyofwhichaddresstheprojectedlossofbeachresources,in-cludingpublicaccess(Lester,2023).Mostrecently,statelawwasamendedtorequirelocalgovernmentstopreparesealevelriseadaptationplans,andsignificantfundingwasgiventoOPCtosupportthisplanning.etal.OPChasalsoidentifiedacentralconcernforbeachesinitsStrategicPlan,especiallythelossofbeachhabitatduetosealevelrise(CaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncil,2020).Accordingly,inDe-cember2023,theOPCapprovedfundingforthecompletionoftheCaliforniaBeachResiliencyPlan(CBRP)toaddressfuturebeachlossbyassessingthevaluesandfunctionsofCalifornia’sbeaches,evaluatingtheirvulnerabilitytoclimatechange,andprovidingaframeworktohelplocaljurisdic-tionsprioritizebeachadaptationstrategies.TheCBRPwillalsoofferrecommendationstoaddressbeachresiliencystatewide(CaliforniaOce-anProtectionCouncil,2023).TheplanwillincludemodelinglinkingbeachbehaviorwithcliffretreattobetterprojectbeachchangeandsupportevaluationofbeachvaluesvulnerabletoSLR,includingecology,riskmitigation,publicaccess,culturalandtribalsignificance,economics,and7PlanningforBeachResiliencesocialequity.Thegoalistohelpcommunitiesidentifykeystrategiestoprioritizespecificbeachesandadaptationapproachestoachievetheirresiliencegoals.ThefollowingsectionsbrieflydescribethecoredimensionsoftheCBRPcurrentlybeingdevelopedbyamultidisciplinaryresearchteam.GeophysicalDriversofBeachesandResiliencyBeachesareshapedbysedimenttransport,waveenergy,tides,andsealevel.Understandingtheseprocessesisessentialtopredictinghowbeacheswillrespondtohumanactivitiesandenviron-mentalchange,likeSLR.Coastalwatershedscollectandchannelsurfacewater–andsediment–towardcommonoutletslikeriversoroceans.California’srivershistoricallysuppliedthesandthatnourishedbeaches.Butdams,urbanization,andchannelmodificationshavedisruptedtheseflows,leavingmanybeachessand-starved.Coastalcliffs,especiallythosemadeofsoftmaterial,providesupplementalsandtothebeaches,ifnotarmoredwithaseawall.Sandsheds–alsocalledlittoralcellsorbeachcompartments–aresemi-enclosedzoneswheresedimentsources(rivers,cliffandduneerosion,onshoretransport)andsinks(lossestosubmari-necanyonsoffshoreandduneformation)interact(Figure4).Headlandsandsubmarinecanyonsoftendefinetheirupcoastanddowncoastboundaries.Longshoredrift,drivenbywaveanglesandnearshorecurrents,movessandalongtheCaliforniacoast,primarilysouthwardinwinterandnorthwardinsummer,reshapingbeachesseasonally.Disruptionsofsedimentsuppliestoasandshed,likeariverdam,sandmining,orcliffarmoring,mayincreasebeacherosion.Regionalsedimentmanagementstrategiesaimtorestoresandsupplybyremovingbarriersorbringingsedimenttotheshoreline.Figure4.TheSandShed.Source:ExploreBeaches,2025.Availableon:https://explorebeaches.msi.ucsb.edu/sandy-beach-life/sand-movement.Accesson:08nov.2025.accommodationspaceSLRdriveslong-termbeachchangethroughshorelinemigrationortransgression.Theabilityofabeachtopersistunderrisingseasdependslargelyon,orthelandwardareaavailablefornaturalretreatandsedimentdeposition.Wherebluffs,seawalls,orurbaninfrastruc-tureblockthisspace,coastalsqueezecausesbeachestonarrowordisappear(Figure5).Beacheswithamplesedimentandaccommodationspace,suchasthosebackedbydunefields,maymain-8CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzotaintheirwidthandbufferingfunctions.California’surbanbeachesarefacingsevereconstraints,andsomesaysustainedinvestmentinlarge-scalebeachnourishmentincreasinglymaybeneededtooffsetthecoastalsqueeze.Figure5.SeaLevelRise,CoastalSqueeze,andBeachLoss.Source:CaliforniaCoastalCommission,2018.https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/assets/climate/slr/vulnerability/residen-tial/RevisedDraftResidentialAdaptationGuidance.pdf.Accesson:08nov.2025.2.EcologyofBeachesSandybeachecosystemsarepartofalargersystemthatconnectsthesurfzone,beach,andba-ckshore.Toacasualvisitor,California’sbeachesmayappearrelativelyemptyoflife.Noplantlifecanpersistontheshiftingsandofopenbeaches,andmostofthecharacteristicintertidalanimalsaresmall,highlymobile,anddifficulttosee.Yet,beachessupportdiversecommunitiesofresidentandtransientspecies,includingthosethatforage,nest,oroverwinteralongthecoast.Beachecosystemsperformvitalfunctions.Theyabsorbwaveenergy,filterseawater,andrecy-clenutrients.Fueledbycool,phytoplankton-richupwelledwatersandconnectedtoproductivekelpforests,California’sbeachessupportsomeofthemostdiverseintertidalinvertebratebeachcommunitieseverdocumented.Theseinvertebrates,inturn,supportfishlikesurfperchandcorbi-na,whichareimportantforhumanshorefishingandwinteringshorebirds.Beachesalsoprovidecriticalhabitatforwildlife,suchaspinnipeds,decliningandendangeredbirdspecies,andbeach--nestingfish,likeCaliforniagrunionandsurfsmelt.etal.etal.Theuppershorezonesofthebeachareexpectedtosufferthegreatestecologicalimpactsfromthecoastalsqueeze(Barnard,2021).Thesedynamiczonesofferrefugeformobileanimalsduringstormsandprovidenestingareasforspecieslikethewesternsnowyploverandgrunion.Attheirlandwardedge,theseupperzonescanalsosupportpioneeringplants,2021;Jaramillo9PlanningforBeachResiliencethattrapsandandhelpbuilddunes,enhancingresiliencetoSLR.However,thesealsoareoftenthemostintensivelymodifiedbyinfrastructure,residentialdevelopment,beachgrooming,andrecreationalactivity.Upperzonesofarmoredbeachestendtobenarrowandtruncated(Figure6)butaretypicallywideyetecologicallydegradedongroomedbeaches(Dugan,2008;DuganandHubbard,2010).Armoringandgroomingbothreduceecosystemfunctionandbiodiversity(DuganandHubbard,et,2019).Implementingmanagementpracticesthatsha-2010;Jaramilloal.petheextentandconditionofupperbeachzones,suchasdunerestoration(Figure7,Johnston,2021;Schooleretal.etal.etal.etal.,2023;Emery,2024)andmanagedretreat,canprovideopportunitiestoincreasebeachecosystemconditionandresiliencetoSLR.Figure6.Lossoftheupperbeachzoneatlowtideonanarmoredbeach.Source:(Duganetal.,2018;photocredit:E.Jaramillo,2009).Figure7.Dunerestorationonagroomedurbanbeach.Source:(Johnstonetal.,2023,PhotocreditK.Emery,2022).10CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzo3.BeachAccessandRecreationBeachesareessentialpublicspacesofferingdiverseaccessandrecreationalexperiences.Accessismorethanphysicalentrypoints;itincludesinformalpaths,adjacentneighborhoodroutes,andtransportationsystemsforvisitors’movement.accessensuresthatpeoplewithvariedbackgrounds,abilities,andinterestscanreachandenjoythebeach.Anaccessexperiencemayde-pendonamenities,safety,waterquality,andcrowding.Understandingbeachaccessinvolveskeyquestionssuchas:Meaningful•Aretherewell-maintainedpaths,boardwalks,andinfrastructure,includingforthosewithmo-bilitychallenges?•Isaccessaffordable,withfreeorlow-costparking,lodging,andtransitoptions?•Aresigns,amenities,andprogrammingculturallyandlinguisticallyinclusive?•Arethereadequatefacilitiessuchasrestrooms,picnicareas,andlifeguards?•Doavailablerecreationalopportunitiessupportdiverseinterests?allBalancingpublicaccesswithbeachqualityraisescomplexquestions,especiallyinastatethatmandates“maximumaccess.”Shouldbeachesbemaximizedforvisitation?Howwouldthataffectuserexperienceorecologicalfunction?Insomecases,preservingmoreremoteorundeve-lopedbeachesmaybeappropriate.California’scoastoffersadiversityofaccessopportunitiesthatservedifferentgeographicareasandpatternsofvisitation.Mostbeachgoersareresidents,withpeoplefrequentingbeachesclosertothem(ChristensenandKing,2017).Nonetheless,somemaytravelfartherbasedonparkingavailability,facilities,orspecificcoastalconditionstheyseek(PatschandReineman,2024).Somebeaches,suchasVeniceorLaJolla,mayattractnationalandinternationalvisitors.Understandingbeachvisitationpatternshelpsidentifyaccessdisparities,especiallyforinlandorlower-incomecommunitiesfacinghighertravelcostsandotherbarriers(Reineman,2016).Access-shedanalysesutilizetools,includinggeospatialmodelsandcell-phonemobilitydata,tomapvisitationpatternsandidentifycommunitiesthatmaydependonspecificbeaches(ReinemanandPatsch,inreview).Thisinformationcansupporttheprovisionofmoreequitableaccessbyshowingwhobenefitsormaybeexcludedfromexistingaccessopportunities.4Economicsetal.Beachesarevitalpublicassetsthatgeneratesignificanteconomicvaluethroughtourism,recre-ation,andlocalcommerce.Economistsassessbothmarketand“non-market”beachvalue–theworthpeopleassigntogoodsandservicesnotdirectlypriced.Studiessuggestthat,adjustedforinflation,thenon-marketvalueofanaveragebeachdayinCaliforniain2025is$62,summedtobillionsannuallyacrossthestate,including$2billioninSanDiegoCountyalone(PendletonandKildow,2006).Beachesalsohave“existencevalue”–thenon-marketvaluationofbeachesbypeo-ple,eveniftheynevervisitthem.Visitors’spendingvariesbybeachlocation,amenities,andlodgingtypes.Urbanbeachestypicallygeneratemorespendingpervisitorbecausetheyarenearrestaurants,shopping,andentertain-11PlanningforBeachResiliencement.Overnightvisitors,particularlythosestayinginhotelsorshort-termrentals,contributesubstantiallymoretolocaleconomiesthanday-trippers.Incontrast,campersorthosestayingwithfriendsorfamilyspendless,thoughlower-costoptionsimproveaccessequity.Thespecifictypesofbeachrecreationandamenities,fromsunbathingtosurfing,hiking,volleyball,camping,andbonfires,alsoinfluencetheeconomicvalueofcertainbeaches.LodgingnearbeachesgeneratesacrucialpartoftherevenueforlocalgovernmentsthroughTran-sientOccupancyTaxes(TOT),typicallyrangingfrom10to15%.UrbanbeacheswithmorehotelsorrentalsoftengenerateseveraltimesmoreTOTrevenuethanruralbeacheswithlimitedac-commodations.TOTfundssupportpublicsafety,infrastructure,andbeachmanagement.Visitors’spendingalsogeneratessalestaxrevenuethroughpurchasesatrestaurants,retailshops,andre-creationalbusinesses.Whilethestatecollectsabasesalestaxof6%,localjurisdictionsoftenaddbetween1.25%and3.25%,sometimesforspecificprojectssuchastransportation.Beachspendingvariessignificantlydependingonthesocioeconomicsofbeachvisitorsaswellastheavailabilityofrestaurants,hotels,andotherplaceswheretheytypicallyspendmoney.WealthycommunitiessuchasManhattanBeachorSantaBarbarainsouthernCaliforniareceivesignifi-cantlyhigherspendingpervisitorthandomanylessurbanbeachesorbeachesadjacenttolessadvantagedcommunities.Thisdisparityinrevenuecancreatea“haveandhavenot”impactonlocalcommunities,raisingthequestionofwhetherStateandFederalauthoritiesshouldactivelyaddressthesedisparitiesbysubsidizingbeachesthatservedisadvantagedcommunities.Onthecostsideofcommunityfinances,SLRandbeacherosionposegrowingfinancialrisks.Onestudyprojectedhundredsofmillionsinlosttourismandtaxrevenuedueto4.6feetofSLRby2100,including:•OceanBeach(SanFrancisco):$82million•VeniceBeach(LosAngeles):$439.6million.•Zuma&BroadBeach(Malibu):$498.7million.•CarpinteriaCityandStateBeach(SantaBarbara):$164.7million.etal.•TorreyPinesCityandStateBeach(SanDiego):$99million(King,2011).SustainingtheeconomicbenefitsofCalifornia’sbeacheswillrequireproactiveinvestment.Co-astalcitiesmustevaluatethelong-termcostsandbenefitsofadaptationstrategies.Comparingoptionssuchasnourishment,livingshorelines,hardarmoring,ormanagedretreatcanhelpde-cision-makersdevelopfiscallyresponsibleandenvironmentallysoundplans.Landusedecisions,suchasbuildinganewhotelorretiringoceanfrontdevelopment,mayalsoinfluencethebalancebetweenbeachrevenuegenerationandpreservationofcoastalcharacterandaccess.5TribalCommunitiesCalifornia’sbeachesareecologicalandrecreationalspaces,buttheyalsobelongtotheculturallandscapesofIndigenouspeoples.Formillennia,coastaltribessuchastheChumash,Yurok,AmahMutsun,CoastMiwok,andOhlonehavereliedonbeachandnearshoreecosystemsforceremony,subsistence,trade,andsociallife.Beachessupplythemwithfish,shellfish,seaweed,andmedici-nalplants.Theywereconnectedtoinlandvillagesthroughseasonalmigration,andcoastaltribes12CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzomanagedshorelinezonesthroughsystemsoftenureandsustainableharvestingpractices(Ligh-tfootandParrish,2009).etal.ShorelineadaptationeffortsinCaliforniaareincreasinglyrecognizingtribalrelationshipstotheshoreline(Lester,2024).Whiletribalownershipofcoastallandsremainslimitedduetohistoricaldispossession,severaltribes,suchastheYurokandElkValleyRancheria,areactivelyengagedinvulnerabilityassessmentsandclimateadaptationplanning.ThedesignationoftheChumashHeritageNationalMarineSanctuaryin2024exemplifiesaco-managementapproachtoinstitutionalizetriballeadershipinoceanandshorelinegovernance.TheseactionsreflectanimportantevolutioninCalifornia’sadaptationplanningframework:onethatseekstoincorporateTribalvalues,ecologicalknowledge,andsovereigntyintofuture-orientedstrategies.Beachresilienceisoftendefinedbyitsgeomorphicstability,ecologicalfunction,andcapacityforhazardmitigation.However,resilienceshouldalsoincludetheabilityofcoastalplacestosupportculturalsurvival,spiritualrenewal,andintergenerationalknowledge.Thisbroaderunderstan-dingofresilience,groundedinsocialrelationsandreciprocity,enrichesprevailingadaptationfra-meworksbyemphasizingrelationshipswithplaceratherthanjustphysicalassets.Thisunders-tandingmaybedeepenedthroughsuchquestionsas:•Howdotribalcommunitiesvalueandusesandybeachestoday,andhowaretheserelationshipschanginginresponsetoclimatechangeandSLR?•Whatdoes“beachresilience”meanfromaTribalperspective,andhowmighttheseviewsin-formadaptationstrategies?•Howcanco-managementand“landback”initiativesbeincorporatedintoadaptationstrate-gies?•Wherearetribalperspectivescurrentlyabsentinbeachplanning,management,orclimateadaptationprograms?•HowcantraditionalecologicalknowledgeandWesternscienceengageinfruitfulandrecipro-caldialogue?Thesequestionspointtowardamoreinclusiveandrelationalapproachtobeachresilience,whichacknowledgeshistoricalexclusion,supportstribalsovereignty,andcenterslong-standingculturalpracticesinthefaceofacceleratingcoastalchange.6EnvironmentalJusticeBeachesarespaceswherepower,access,ownership,andecologicalvulnerabilityintersect.Powerisexercisedbothstructurally,aselitesreshapecoastalspacesandconsolidatecontrol(BrunoandSalle,2017;2018),andrelationally,throughsocialnetworksthatinfluencepolicyandplanningdecisions(Clarke,Tually,andScott,2016).Thesedynamicsplayoutthroughdevelopment,tou-rism,andindustrialexpansion,whichhaveintensifiedpressuresoncoastalenvironments,con-tributingtohabitatdestruction,erosion,andpollutionwhilealsodeepeningracialandeconomicinequalities.Scholarshavecalledforacloser,deeperexaminationofcoastalplanning,particularlyhowtheracializedhistoryofcoastaldevelopmentinformspresentandfutureadaptationstrategies(Har-13PlanningforBeachResilienceetal.dy,2017;Jefferson,2020;Kahrl,2012).RecenteffortsinCaliforniahaveadvancedequityincoastalgovernance.In2019,theCaliforniaCoastalCommissionadoptedenvironmentaljusticeprinciplesintopolicy,affirmingthecoastasapublicgoodratherthanaprivilegeofthewealthy(CaliforniaCoastalCommission,2019).DistributivejusticeEnvironmentaljustice(EJ)encompassesdistributive,procedural,andrecognitionformsofjustice.concernstheunequaldistributionofenvironmentalharmsandbenefits,in-cludingunequalaccesstocoastalresourcesthemselves.Marginalizedcommunitiesoftendispro-portionatelybeartheburdensofpollution,coastalerosion,flooding,gentrification,andclimaterisks.Ontheotherhand,wealthiercommunitiesmayenjoymoreaccesstocoastalresourcesandprotectionsfromharm.etal.,2015)andSouthKorea(Kim,Lyu,andSong,2019)showStudiesofMiami(MontgomeryProceduraljusticehowinequitiesinbeachaccessreflectbroaderenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,situatingCali-fornia’schallengeswithinawiderglobalcontextofdistributiveexclusion.askswhohasavoiceinshapingshorelineadaptation,whoseknowledgeinformscoastaldeci-sion-making,andwhetheritisfair.Itrefersto“howregulatoryandparticipatoryprocessesthatcontributetoEJoutcomesarestructuredtoincludeorexcludeparticularconcerns,amplifyor,2022,silencecertainvoices,andcreateordenyopportunitiesforparticipation”(Johnsonp.66).Atthesametime,EJmustalsograpplewiththemultispeciesdimensionsofcoastalvul-nerabilityandaccountforthosewhocannotspeakforthemselves.Scholarsrecognizethatco-astaldisruptionaffectsmore-than-humancommunitieswithwhomweinhabitandshapetheseRecognitionjusticeenvironments(Gesing,2021).etal.insistson“thenecessityofcenteringthecultures,knowledges,andvaluesofcommunitiesaffectedbyenvironmentaldecisions[;it]demandsrespectforandadherencetoaf-fectedcommunities’values,traditions,andepistemologies”(Johnson,2022,pp.65,70).Thisnecessitatesattentiontosituatedecoculturalidentitiesandtheroleofpositionalityinknowledgeproduction(Castro-SotomayorandMinoia,2024;MilsteinandCastro-Sotomayor,2020).etal.Coastalconflictsarenotonlypoliticalanddistributive,butalsointrinsicallymoral:disputesoftenturnoncompetingvisionsofwhatabeachisandshouldbe,whetherasaspaceofleisure,com-merce,culturalritual,orecologicalcare.Thesemoralcontestationsillustratehowexclusioncanpersistevenintheabsenceofovertdiscrimination.Forexample,multipleintersectingobstaclescontinuetoshapemeaningfulbeachaccess.Theseincludelimitedinfrastructureandamenitiesforlow-incomeanddisabledcommunities,suchas(accordingtoFingal(2019)):•digitalreservationsystemsthatpresumeaccesstotechnology,digitalliteracy,andEnglish-lan-guagefluency;•culturalrepresentationsthatperpetuateacoastalaestheticsofexclusionandprivilege.Asbeachlossintensifies,itthreatenstoexacerbatedistributive,procedural,andrecognitionalinequalities.Toooften,low-incomecommunitiesandcommunitiesofcolorareexcludedfromcoastaldecision-making,evenastheyfacethehighestrisksfromSLR.Toaddressproceduralin-justices,wemustquestionwhetherofficialandinstitutionalizeddecision-makingmodelstrulyfostermeaningfulparticipation.HowdothesemodelsshapecoastalpolicyinCalifornia?Dotheyreinforceexistingpowerimbalancesorallowagencyandinfluencetoemerge?Researchsuggeststhatcoastalpolicy,as“aculturalartifact”demandsbuildingmodelsofparticipationincoastalpolicythatvaluetheknowledgeandexperiencesofthosewhohavethemosttolose14CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzoindecision-making(Foxwell-Norton,2017,p.5).Then,howcanwedesignparticipatoryfra-meworksthatbuildcommunityandinstitutionalcapacitywhilecenteringtheknowledgeandexperiencesofthosemostatrisk,includingbothmarginalizedhumancommunitiesandmore--than-humanlife?Byanalyzingthesocialdecision-makinginfrastructureinplace,anEJapproachseekstobuildgovernmentalandcommunitycapacityfordiversifyingrepresentation,fosteringengagement,ex-pandingagency,andimprovingoutreach.Thisentailsrecognizing“thatvulnerabilitymaybemoreetal.complexthanthemappingofeconomically-disadvantagedareasdefinedbycensusdata”(Lester,2023,p.98).Theemphasisonproceduraljustice,communitybuilding,andgrounded,pla-ce-basedresiliencyplanningallowsustogobeyondmappingsocialvulnerabilitywithGeographicInformationsSystems(GIS)anddemographicinformation,toencompassingimpactsondistribu-tiveandrecognitionjustice.7BuiltEnvironment,Governance,andAdaptiveCapacityDespitethewell-documentedroleofcoastalsqueezeinreducingtheadaptivecapacityofbeaches,coastalarmoringcontinuestoexpandalongurbanizedstretchesoftheCaliforniacoast.Ensuringbeachresiliencywillrequirestrategiesthatpreservenaturalprocessesandincreaseadaptiveca-pacityforbeachestomoveinland.Theseincludesedimentmanagement,dunerestoration,natu-re-basedshorelineprotection,andmanagedretreat.ThishighlightstheimportanceofCalifornia’sgovernancesysteminguidingshorelineadaptation.Asdiscussed,theCoastalActprovideslegalmandatesforprotectingresources,ensuringpublicac-cess,andmanagingdevelopment.LocalgovernmentsimplementthesethroughLocalCoastalPro-grams(LCPs),whichincorporatesite-specificland-useandadaptationpolicies.Manycitiesandcountiesarenowengaginginadaptationplanningvulnerabilityassessments,whichfrequentlyidentifybeachesashighlyexposedtolong-termSLR.However,turningtheseassessmentsintomeaningfulpoliciesandactionshasprovenmoredifficult.Fewerthanone-thirdhaveadoptedformaladaptationstrategies,andlessthanaquarterhaveupdatedtheirLCPstoaddressSLRandbeach-specificresponses(Lester,2023).etal.Whereplanninghasprogressed,localstrategiesincreasinglymoveawayfromrelianceonhardinfrastructure,identifyingstrategiessuchassedimentmanagement,nourishment,dunerestora-tion,adaptivesetbacks,andphasedretreat.Thesearetailoredtolocalconditionsandoftenfollowamodelthatadjustsstrategiesovertimeinresponsetoobservedchangesinshorelinevulnerabi-lity–so-called“adaptationpathways.”Thisplanningshowsagrowingwillingnesstoaddresshardquestionsaboutbeachloss,access,andequity.Pragmatically,thepersistenceofbeachesmayincreasinglyserveasindicatorsofaregion’sadap-tivecapacityandreadinesstogovernthroughactionablepolicy.Still,movingfromassessmenttoactionisdifficult,andatensionremainsbetweennear-termprotectionofpropertyandlong-termpreservationofpublicbeachspaceandfunction(.).ThestatewideCaliforniaBeachResiliencyPlanintendstosupportthemovementtomeaningfullocalactionbyofferingasharedscience-ba-sedframeworkanddecisiontoolstohelpaddressthecompetingvaluesandfunctionsinherentinthephysicalandsocialdimensionsofbeaches.Id15PlanningforBeachResilienceConclusion:BeachResiliencyPlanning–ASharedFrameworkForUnderstandingBeachAppropriationAndTheCoastalSqueeze?etSandybeachesareincreasinglyrecognizedasintegratedsocio-ecologicalsystems(SES),shapedal.byinteractionsbetweenecological,socio-cultural,andeconomicvaluesandfunctions(Defeoetal.,2021;James,2000;Rodil,2022).Beachesaredynamicenvironmentsaffectedbymultiplestressors,includingsea-levelriseandextremestorms,aswellashumanimpactsfromurbani-zation,tourism,andarmoring.Thesepressurescaninteractinfeedbackloops,movingsystemsetal.,2014;Faninitowardthresholdsandleadingtoshiftsthatthreatenbeachresilience(Berry,2008).TheSESperspectiverefocu-sesattentionawayfromsingle-purposebeachmanagementframes(e.g.,providingrecreationorprotectingecologyalone)tomorecomprehensiveandmulti-dimensionaladaptivestrategiesthataddressecological,socio-cultural,andeconomicvulnerabilitiesinrelationtoeachother.,2020;BiancoandGarcía-Ayllón,2021;Schlacheretal.etal.etal.etal.Severalstudieshaveappliedthissystemsapproachtopracticaltools,includingresilienceindices,assessmentframeworks,andvulnerabilitymetrics(Lucrezi,2013;BiancoandGarcía-Ayllón,2021).Effectivebeachorcoastalgovernancedependsonadaptive,in-terdisciplinarymethods,supportedbyongoingmonitoringandinclusiveengagementwithdiver-sestakeholders.Participatorymethodssuchascitizensciencearealsoemphasizedastoolsforimprovingenvironmentalawarenessandjustice,deepeningpublicinvolvementinthelong-termstewardshipofbeaches(Fanini,2016;McLachlan,2021).etal.system’scapacityBeachresiliencyplanninggroundedinSESthinkingoffersalensforanalyzinghowbeachaccess,appropriation,andadaptationunfoldacrossdiversesettings.Ithighlightsthedynamicinterplaybetweengeophysicalprocesses,ecologicalfunctions,andsocialsystems,includingpublicaccess,economics,culturalexpression,equity,andgovernance(Figure8).Hence,beachresiliencycon-tomaintainandenhancethecorevaluesandfunctionofbeachesincernstheetthefaceofenvironmentalandsocialchange.TowhatextentisthebeachSES,confrontedwiththeal.,orevencoastalsqueeze,ableto,2016;TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange–IPCC,2022)?toprovideitscorevalues(Folketransformrecoveradaptresist,TheSESapproachallowscomparisonsacrosssettingswherebeachownershipmayrangefrommorepublictomoreprivatizedorcommodified,aswellascomparisonsbetweenlegalandpolicystatementsaboutpublicshorelineaccessversustheimplementationpracticeofprovidingpu-blicaccess.Thesecontrastscanrevealhowlegalframeworks,culturalnorms,andenvironmentalrisksaffectbeachesandinfluencewhobenefitsfromcoastalspaces.Theframeworkalsodeepensunderstandingofthepubliclawaspectsofthecoastalsqueezeasaglobaltrendacceleratedbytheprivatizationofthebeachbackshore.InCalifornia,shorelinearmoringtiedtoprivateproper-tyentitlementsislimitingbeachmigrationandreducingpublicaccess,despitetheCoastalAct’scommitmenttopubliccoastalrights.ButinplaceslikeHawai’i,amoreexpansivelegaldefinitionofthepublictrustmayenablemoreeffectiveadaptationssuchasmanagedretreat(Hawai’i,2025).16CharlesLester;KikiPatsch;JoséCastro-Sotomayor;JeniferDugan;SummerGray;PhilipKing;EllaMcDougall;KrissK.Neuman;DanReineman;SarahJenkins;LiliaMourier;MirandaScalzoFigure8.TheBeachSocio-EcologicalSystem.Source:Preparedbytheauthors17PlanningforBeachResiliencered-liningTheSESframeworkalsohighlightswherestrategiesalignordivergeinbalancingecologicalre-silienceandsocialequity.Theinclusionofcultural,political,andlegalcontext,includinghisto-ries,highlightstheroleofstructuralinequitiesinshapingpatternsofbeachappropriation(Gray,–adiscriminatorypracticedenyinghousingloansandinvestments2023).IntheU.S.,inspecificneighborhoodsresultinginracialsegregation–ledtoenduringpatternsofinequitablelandownership,includingclosertothecoastandbeaches(Rothstein,2017).ThiswasacentralreasonwhytheoriginalvisionoftheCaliforniaCoastalActpresumedthat“maximumaccess”included“opportunitiesforpeopleofallincomestoliveneartheocean”(CaliforniaCoastalZoneConservation,1975,p.10)–arecognitionthateconomicpowerwascentraltorealizingmeaningfulbeachaccess.Ahalf-centurylater,another(longoverdue)re-cognitionofCalifornia’stribalcommunitiesandtheirdeeprelationshipswiththecoastfurtherunderscoreshowsocial,political,andculturaldynamicsnecessarilyshapebeachresilience.AnSESperspectivebringstheserelationshipstothefore,supportingthepossibilityformorein-clusiveandthustransformativecoastaladaptation(TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,2022;Ziervogeletal.,2016).Byprovidingacommonframeofreferenceforunderstan-dingbeachappropriationandthecoastalsqueezeacrossdiversesocialsettings,itmayalsohelpscholarsandpractitionersbetterrealizetheirsharedinterestsinprotectingsandybeachesasvitalpublicspaces.FundingCaliforniaOceanProtectionCouncilAcknowledgementsTheauthorswouldliketoacknowledgethecollaborativeandcollegialresearchunderwayamongtheirvariousinstitutionsthathasresultedinthisarticle.References11LAGUNITA,LLCv.CALIFORNIACOASTALCOMMISSION.(2020)58Cal.App.5th904.Availableon:https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/ca-court-of-appeal/2102275.html.Accesson:29out.2025.MultipleclimateBARNAR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ruturainterdisciplinarqueabor-daprocessosgeofísicos,acessoerecreação,valo-reseconômicoseecológicos,significadocultural,pressõesdedesenvolvimento,justiçaegovernan-ça.Essaabordagemdaspraiascomosistemasso-cioambientaiscomplexospodeserútilparaapoiaresforçosdemanutençãodaspraiascomoespaçospúblicosvitaisdiantedaelevaçãodoníveldomarPalavras-chaveedoaumentodasrestriçõescosteiras.:AcessoàPraia;CompressãoCos-teira;CostadaCalifórnia;ResiliênciadaPraia;SistemasSocioecológicos;GovernançaCosteira;AdaptaçãoClimática.Californiaseenfrentaaunapérdidasignificativadeplayasdebidoalacompresióncosteraparaelaño2100sinoseimplementaunaadaptaci-ónefectiva.Reconociendolaimportanciadelasplayasparaeltejidosocial,cultural,económicoyambientaldeCalifornia,elEstadoestádesar-rollandoelPlandeResilienciadePlayasdeCali-fornia(CBRP).ElCBRPevaluarálavulnerabilidaddelasplayasyguiarálaadaptaciónlocalmedianteunmarcointerdisciplinarioqueabordalosproce-sosgeofísicos,elaccesoylarecreación,losvaloreseconómicosyecológicos,laimportanciacultural,laspresionesdeldesarrollo,lajusticiaylagober-nanza.Estavisióndelasplayascomosistemassocioambientalescomplejospuedeserútilparaapoyarlosesfuerzospormantenerlascomoespa-ciospúblicosvitalesanteelaumentodelniveldelPalabrasclavemarylascrecientesrestriccionescosteras.:AccesoalaPlaya;CompresiónCostera;CostadeCalifornia;ResilienciadelasPlayas;SistemasSocioecológicos;GobernanzaCostera;AdaptaciónClimática.TimelineoftheManuscriptReceived:May2025FirstReview:August2025SecondReview:June2025ThirdReview:July2025AcceptedforPublication:September2025Authorrevision:September2025Grammar,SpellingandABNTreview:October2025Authorrevision:October2025PublishedonDecember202523PlanningforBeachResilience